Lecture Notes

Scientific Investigation of mental processes and look and how they Lancaster uses tools and research methods to understand mental processes & behavior Has a biological boundary (changing nature of arranging impacts way we behave and who we are) and a heathen boundary (culture shapes human behavior) Psychology is almost understanding a persons biological make-up, their psychological experience and function and cultural background Brief History Psychology has stemmed from philosophical roots and philosophical questions (1)Free will or determinism Do wad freely choose their behavior or Is It characterized from lawful patterns? (2) Mind-Body Problem- How do mental and psychical elements interact?Germany was center of psychological research and thinking In the early stages (19th century) Structuralism (Wilhelm Wound 1832- 1920) bewilder of experimental psychology Focus on elements and introspection of consciousness experience (report of stimulus) 1879 Wilhelm Wound established t he first ever laboratory of psychology Functionalism William James (1842-1910) Criticized Wounds management on elements and consciousness to behavior Instead of focalise n structure of consciousness rather think why (behavior)Strong emphasis on function on mental processes in adapting to the environment Gestalt psychology the whole Is bigger than the elements that form the whole Perception and creating meaning as human beings Experiment orientated Psychodrama horizon Sigmund Freed (1856-1939) Not eitherthing we think, feel and remember we are aware of (unconscious), some aspects of hidden events from us causing anxiety (mental processes in conflict) Dynamic Interplay between consciousness and unconsciousness Past events become part of unconsciousness (find them, relive and talk through)Lecture NotesRevenge bullying Get relieve of them, get them of the streets Retribution Just desserts Justice, proportionate The punishment must fit the umbrage It must be proportionate Contra vention of social order requires pay back to society or volt Deterrence Threat of punishment will prevent future crime Hedonistic calculus If the pleasure out ways the pain deterrence is ineffective global Deterrence, and Specific You see a friend commit a crime and you dont want to Specific Is you Certainty, Celerity, Severity These need to be close together In order for deterrence to be affective certainty Is he most important if you are certain you are going to get caught, you drug abuse do it. Does deterrence work?Sometimes it does work (they get out, and they dont want to go back) and sometimes it doesnt work (people sometimes bargain with the judge to get put into fling longer, or they go back to crime) Incapacitation (Prison) Symbolic denouncement of act communicated to offenders and society through use of punishment In the sense of freedom we as people of society we value our freedom, and taking it away is tough on a lot of people Imprisonment, deprivation of liberty Remo ve problem elements from society refilling Address underlying causes facing the offender Focus on offender, not crime Assumes transformation potential of rehabilitation within a relatiative context of use The problem with rehabilitation is that it believes that you mass rehabilitate someone in a prison setting where you got people in an anxious setting etc. ND it becomes a lot more challenging Justice Policies Trend in Policies There is more emphasis on incapacitation, retribution, deterrence Rehabilitation, reparation overshadowed Less focus on solving problems of crime Belief that vindictive punishment is most appropriate response to crime Trend in US ND send awayada toward punitive approaches New Pensiveness From mid-sasss Claim of global trend toward harsher CA sanctions More and more punishment is increased, some states in the U. S have totally gotten rid of community sanctions and probation Increase use of prison, more crimes result in prison, increase prison lengths, man datory minimums More and more punishment is increased, some states in the U. S have totally gotten rid of community sanctions and probation Shaming initiatives, austere prison regimes For example in Arizona they make their inmates wear pink suits Zero tolerance strategiesZero tolerance means they have to report everything even if its a push fight Three strikes legislation If you do two drab offences on the third serious offence you get a life sentence Use of capital punishment It does not have an effect on crime rates In Canada the death penalty did not have an impact on crime rates In states for the first two weeks it would go down and then it would go right back to where it was Harsh CSS policies are response to increasing world disorder, rising crime, deterioration of moral framework Leap backward, shift away from control Stretching the limits of punishment Tough Justice War on Drugs in 1971 Drug offences is what is driving the crime rates in the U. S out the cover Crack is apply by the overturn class people Cocaine is used by the middle and upper class The police are targeting the lower class that is using crack So the prisons and sanctions in the U.S is filled with the minority people, such as blacks and Latinists Tough on crime policies and election platforms 1980 = 40,000, 2008 = 500,000 Simon prison used to target race Relationship between Get Tough and Crime Rates Little kin between crime and internment rates There is no relationship with how tough you are on crime and the crime rate. You can e as tough as you want but it will not put a dent on the crime rate. High welfare spending = low incarceration rates Greater inequality = higher incarceration rates Inefficient move away from pensiveness Example Texas vs California Texas spent a lot of money on offences, which in turn had nil effect on the crime rate, where as California spent no money, and they had the same rates as Texas who spent a lot of money Canada youth incarceration rate Canada put in place laws and barriers that stated you cant put children under the age of 12 in Jail.Criminal Responsibility Category Age Children under 12 None Youth 12-17 Diminished Adults 18+ Full Legal Legal Classification of Criminal Offences Offence Hearing Punishment Summary tyke court Judge $2000 both Indictable (Felony U. S term both mean the same thing) Less serious provincial court Judge closely serious provincial superior court by federally appointed Judge All others Judge without Jury Up to Life Hybrid Can be summary or indictable Prosecutor discretion Record, circumstances Varies Cocoas Representations of Crime Lecture 3 Non. 29) Epistemology Study of knowledge What do we know well-nigh crime? How do we know what we know? How do we acquire our knowledge? What are its limitations?Common Sources News Word of mouth Problems with Understanding Crime incomprehensible Subject of inquiry is deliberately Insight Criminals have little insight into the broader nature of their beh avior What does one murderer know about another toll Access in costly, time consuming and partial Scope Much crime lies beyond the scope of research Access Sociologists cannot pass effortlessly into every situation Barriers exist within social worlds Representation Social worlds are not representative Official Sources of Crime Statistics The Crime Funnel Citizens detect crime A lot of people do not report crime, for reasons being Fear Can resolve it on your own Police might/wont do anything about it May not think its a crime/dont define it as a crime Street youth, they dont trust the police because they are victimized If you are engaging in criminal behavior you wont report crime to the police.Uniform Crime Reports Standardized counts of crime known to police National statistics about crime Applies standard definitions to all offences Counts used to determine crime rates The Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics Limitations Mainly the crime funnel Justice system does not give an a ccurate portrayal of crime Unreported crime The dark figure of crime Self-Report Surveys Asks people about the crimes they have committed You can get peoples attitude etc Who commits the most crime Young Adults Identifies some unreported crimes (dark figure) Measure attitudes and prevalence of offending (primary peers) Factorization Surveys Asks victims about crimes they did not report betoken that a large number of crimes are not reported Example Canadian Urban Factorization Survey Direct Measures Economic loss, physical injury, blank space damage Indirect Measures Fear of crime and its effects People dont want to be alone at night Lock the doorsEstablish new expectations and measurements for police effectuality Increase understanding and trust between police and immunity leaders Empower and strengthen community-based efforts Commitment to long-term proactive prevention strategies Decentralized trading operations and management Develop new skills in police Racial and Criminal Pr ofiling Racial Criminal Any action undertaken for reasons of safety, security or public protection, that relies on stereotypes about race, color, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, or place of origin, or a combination of these, rather than on a reasonable suspicion, to single out an individual for greater scrutiny or different treatment.Relies on actual behavior or on information about suspected activity by someone who tests the translation of a specific individual. What is Racial Profiling? Based on stereotypical assumptions because of ones race, color, ethnicity, etc. Evidence of disproportionate stops When is it profiling? B, women in spousal relationship killed, airport Good police work or self-fulfilling prophecy Intuition, suspicion Visibility, definition If you are a young black male with an teaching you are more likely to be stopped by police. ** By in large police officers in Canada are intelligent hard workings people who want to serve Justice to the general public. **