paper :: essays research papers

Paper has a long history, beginning with the antediluvian patriarch Egyptians and keep to the present day. For thousands of years, hand-made methods dominated and wherefore, during the 19th century, penning production became industrialised. Originally mean purely for writing and printing purposes, a wide variety of composing grades and uses are now obtainable to the consumer Of all the writing and drawing materials that passel have employed down the ages, paper is the most widely utilize around the world. Its name derives from papyrus the material used by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Papyrus, however, is only adept of the predecessors of paper that together are known by the generic term tapa and are mostly made from the informal bark of paper mulberry, fig and daphne.Tapa has been found extensively in nearly all cultures along the Equatorial belt and is made by what is possibly the oldest papermaking proficiency one still practised in slightly parts of the Himalayas and South East Asia. Indeed, recent archaeological excavations in china have revealed some of the oldest tapa paper ever found which shows that paper was being produced in China before western records began.The tapa technique involves cooked bast, which is flattened with a wooden hammer to form a thin, si impudentlyy layer and then dissolved in a vat with piddle to make a pulp. A screen consisting of a wooden number with a fabric base is then laid in a puddle or big basin and floats with the fabric just downstairs the surface of the water. The papermaker then pours the quantity of pulp needed to make one planing machine into this floating mould and spreads it evenly, by hand, across the surface. The screen is then carefully lifted out of the water, allowed to drain off and a tacking of paper forms on the wire. Once the water has dripped off, the screen is placed in the sun or near a fire to dry. When dry, the sheet easily peels off and, apart from possible smoothin g, requires no further treatment. This technique has dickens basic drawbacks. Firstly, a separate screen is needed for each new sheet, and is only available for use again after the last sheet has dried. And secondly, an increase in production can soon lead to a shortage of raw material, since fresh bast is not always available everywhere in the required quantity.The fibres normally used for textiles, like flax and hemp, in any case served as substitutes for bast.