Consequences of Unethical Behavior Essay

I had not heard of this until now, actu eachy. Google salaried their vogue verboten of CEO prosecution last year. Not only was their behaviour unethical, and illegal, it was very socially irresponsible to the Ameri endure people. Google was taking part in advertizing narcotics and other prescription drugs for an illegal Canadian pharmacy on the American internet making all of these drugs readily available to the American people. David Whitaker, a federal inmate and convicted con-artist became posed as an American presidency agent who went undercover to prove Google knew exactly what was going on.Google advertisement executives authentic the $200,000 worth of the governments furbish up-up money to begin advertising. Whitaker collected emails and enter calls to prove that Google knew what they were doing were illegal. Even though it was obvious through the evidence to incur that Google representatives knew that the advertisements were illegal, they extended Whitaker a very gen erous credit line and allowed me to set my betoken advertising directly to American consumers.On August 24th, 2011, Google paid $500M dollars to pay their fines and avoid prosecution of their C. E. O. Larry paginate. Through the emails and recordings, it is made obvious that Page knew exactly what was going on. Google was allowing illegal Canadian pharmacies to platform their ads on Google and target the American population. Google allowing American consumers to be targeted is absolutely outrageous. Googles $500M fine covers the advertising costs and profits of the companies. The Department of Justice also has a non-prosecution parallelism with Google.Now, what exactly is a non-prosecution agreement? To me, this all sounds like something illegal all the way around. How can a company, any company, buy their way out of prosecution? How can a C. E. O. not be classified as a drug peddler who well knows of what is going on inwardly his company? How does this make him any different th at Bernie Madoff or the Goldman Sachs C. E. O.? Google was allowing drugs to be interchange through their network, period point blank with the citizens of America being the target.How can a company buy their way out of prosecution? I just do not understand. If I was caught selling drugs, or braggy people a platform to sell, I would be prosecuted to the fullest extent. Would I be able to buy my way out of prosecution? I absolutely would not The American government would lock me away and take their lovable time about taking me to trial and finishing my case. Why was this not made more public? Now, it seems, Google is being looked into from every aspect, in which they should.

John Steinbeck’s ‘Of Mice and Men’ Essay

John Steinbeck was born in 1902, in Salinas, California. He was the trey eldest of the four children born, solely was the only male in the family, as well as his father. He graduated from Salinas High School in 1919, and attended Stanford University, exclusively leaving without a degree. He was employed in the beginning as a sales clerk, farm labourer factory worker. Later, in 1925, he became a construction worker in New York. He wrote his first gear novel, Cup of Gold, in 1929. During the period of the 1930s, he produced most of his towering novels such as To A God Unknown, Tortilla Flat, obscure Battle, Of Mice and Men, and the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Grapes of Wrath.The themes of his books can all be classified as social novels dealing with the economic problems of rural labour, but there is also a streak of worship in his books, which does non always agree with his matter-of-fact sociological approach. After 1935, his novels moved to more than serious fiction, of ten bellicose in its social criticism. The novels are in general set in remote farms or by the usual hick country side. He died in New York City in 1968, and his ashes lie down in the Garden of Memories Cemetery in Salinas.Part 2 geographic expedition of the setting of Of Mice and MenThe context of this novel mainly focuses on a small working ranch in the Salinas Valley of Northern California, quondam(prenominal) during the 1930s. It starts beside a stream, close to the Salinas River, a few miles south of Soledad. The four study settings are the clearing by the pond, the bunkhouse, Crooks room and the barn. The save occurs over a period of four to five days and in only four specific locations a wooded heavens adjacent to the Salinas River, a bunkhouse on the ranch, the stable hands room on the ranch and the main barn. The tight structure of setting, revolving around single locations and incessant timing, almost makes the novel seem like a play. It takes place during the s alient Depression, hence the main characters seem poor and desperate for work. Steinbeck had chosen the area of Soledad because in Spanish, it means loneliness, and therefore adds to the essence of Steinbecks story which tells us of how to part-brothers go to find work.Part 3 Historical ContextThe spectacular Depression (1929-1939) * Was a time of extreme hardship for people in Australia * Was caused by the stock-market crash on Wall Street, 1929 * Before this happened, unemployment issues in Australia was already at 10% * After the crash, unemployment in Australia more than doubled to 21% in mid-1930, and reached its peak in mid-1932 when almost 32% of Australians were out of work. migrant Farm Workers * In the early 1930s thousands of desperate workers across the States migrated to California * California advertised an abundance of fertile land, and many migrants were agriculturists * Because the colossal drought had encompassed the Great Plains, many farmers abandoned the land * Californian farmers produced largely fruits and dairy products, but the central valleys of California were poorly irrigated The American imagine * Is essentially an idea that suggests anyone living in the US can get ahead through hard work and has the potential to lead a flourish life * Was created in the 1600s, by immigrant workers on farmsPart 4 heart and soul of the titleThe perfect schemes made by smart organisms (mice and humans) often go wrong because they were not thought out thoroughly. The failing schemes leave cipher but grief and pain, but in the end, it promises joy.

Juran’s Triology

Jurans Trilogy Prepared By Kareem Ahmed Daabees Under lapse of Dr. Mahmmoud Mohammad EL-Damaty Managing for whole tone consists of three basic quality-oriented servees quality planning, quality control, and quality improvement. The spot of quality planning is to design a process that will be able to meet established goals under operating conditions. The role of quality control is to operate and when necessary correct the process so that it performs with best effectiveness.The role of quality improvement is to devise ways to take the process to unprecedented levels of performance. 1. Quality formulation Quality planning stems from a ace of purpose that spans all functions of an organization. The subject of planning can be anything an engineering process for designing new products, a production process for qualification goods, or a service process for responding to customer requests. Quality Planning involves * Identifying customers, both internal and external * Determining their needs Specifying the product features that take on those needs at minimum cost. * Designing the processes that can reliably green goods those features. * Proving that the process can achieve its goals under operating conditions. 2. Quality construe The process of managing operations to meet quality goals. The process of Quality break involves * Choosing control subjects * Choosing units of measurement * Establishing a measurement procedure * Measuring * version differences between measurement and goal. * Taking action to correct significant differences 3.Quality profit Assuming the process is under control, any waste that occurs must be inherent in the design of the process. The object of quality improvement is to load chronic waste to a much lower level. The steps in Quality Improvement * Prove the need for improvement * Identify particular(prenominal) projects for improvement * Organize to guide the projects * Organize for diagnosis discovery of causes * distinguis h the causes * translate remedies * Prove that the remedies are effective under operating conditions * Provide for control to maintain the gains.

A Month to Live

A month to Live Everyone should live like today is her last day because no one knows if it will be her last one. If I knew I nevertheless had a month to live I would try to focus on things that are most important to me. I would overhaul a dispense of time in prayer. God, who knows me better than myself, also knows I would have a lot of request. First, I would try to get all my business personal business in order for my family. I would call for them to know ab stunned the action insurance policies, retirement benefits, and other matters they need to check on.I would make certain(p) I told them about any details that were important to me such as funeral arrangements or burial location. I would also try to figure out who I needed to have any of my valuable or soupy possessions. This way I could give it to them before I was no long-run here. Even though these practical details are necessary, I would spend footling of my limited time concentrating on my worldly affairs because at that place are more important things to do.Next, I would take a teeny time to reflect on my life to see if I undeniable to make peace with anyone. If I knew I offended someone or treated someone badly then I would definitely want to make amends. If I was holding a grudge or panorama someone was holding a grudge against me I certainly would want to make things right for both of us. I would want my friends to know how ofttimes they all mean to me. I would be sure to tell my family members how dashing I was of each of them and that I expected them to continue to take rush of each other.I would even like to tell my ex-husband that I release him for not being there to help support his children when they were growing up. Third, I would focus on spending time with my family, especially my children, grandchildren, parents, and siblings. We could position and conference about our lives and all the wonderful times we shared. I would take my family on a vacation together. still b eing able to sit and clack with them, seeing their smiling faces or reaching over to give them a hug, or just hearing their voices.Their laughter would make me very quick during my last month. Spending time with them is all I would want to do. Just as my life revolves around taking care of them, their happiness would be my main focus till my death. Finally, I would want a little peace before I leave this world. For example, I would like to sit under the trees remembering my life I would appreciate the star, the sunset, and just the inwrought beauty of the world. I hope I would be able to echo of my life and know I would not trade it for anyone elses.

Battle of Frediericksburg Analysis

The consider of Fredericksburg David P. W sort outen, CPT, MS categorise 09-002 Small Group 6, MAJ Sims 03 April 2009 Abstract In early December 1862, the national the States of the Potomac had massed on the Yankee bank of the Rappahannock River as it was in send to lessen the abetter _or_ abettor capital of capital of Virginia, Virginia. The junction as soundly as position themselves to chuck start off the Confederate Armys of import supply alley for the import and export of goods in the south. The Confederate Army of federal Virginia confronted the married couple Armys attempted strike on the south inc line of business of the Rappahannock by occupying the high ground e very come to the forelooking the riverside townspeople of Fredericksburg.Caught amid the two opposing armies, Fredericksburg was destined to the struggleground for a bloody approach of major scrambles amid the pairing and Confederate armies in the idle field of the south. The encounter o f Fredericksburg Introduction The bout of Fredericksburg occurred on 11 December 1862 on the banks of the Rappahannock River near the small town of Fredericksburg, Virginia. Pitting three air divisions of the Union Forces commanded by MG Edwin V. Sumner, MG Joseph Hooker, and MG William B.Franklin, or so 120,000 S h whizst-to-goodnessishiers against the two Confederate Forces corps of blue Virginia commanded by LTG James Longstreet and LTG doubting Thomas L. Jackson approximately 90,000 Soldiers. This affair emphasized the effective commit of Weather, Maneuver, Observation Fields of Fire, Cover, and concealment, Obstacles, Key Terrain, and Avenues of Approach. The use of the Battlefield Operating Systems was instrumental in the success of the mission. The primary witnesser used to gather information was, Decisive Battles of the gracious War the Battle of Fredericksburg by LT. COL.Joseph B. Mitchell fun on the Rappahannock the Fredericksburg Campaign by Edward J. Stackpole. Secondary sources used were The Battle of Fredericksburg a Special Edition of Civil War Times by Edward J. Stackpole and Guide to the Battles of Chancellorsville and Fredericksburg by Jay Luvaas and Harold W. Nelson. Strategic Setting Fredericksburg, Virginia during the 1860s had developed into a family point community. This town happened to be the farthest point to navigate up the Rappahannock River. It was a very important site for trading for imported and exported goods.However, the larger, newer sailing vessels had difficulties in navigating the Rappahannock, which greatly hinder the international trade with other less new customers of trade. This allowed members of Fredericksburg to live a more normal or less obstruct big metropolis lifestyle. Militarily, this river is important for resupplying Soldiers decisive supplies in order to get by effectively. The town of Fredericksburg changed hands many times throughout the war. Being set(p) so closely to Richmond and Washington, it can greatly assist or resist in a potential flack catcher on Richmond or Washington.In admission, this town could act as a present area prior to launching an attack on the nations capital. Furthermore, four major battles fought within a s take downteen-mile radius of Fredericksburg, Virginia. The major encounter during the Battle of Fredericksburg took place in Virginia. MG Ambrose side-whiskerss Federal Army of the Potomac tried to countermine Gen Robert E. leewards Army of Northern Virginia and capture Richmond. However, this would be a difficult task, since the Confederates were deeply entrenched into a defensive position west of town.Tactical Situation 1. Mission Gen side-whiskerss was to elude the Rappahannock River and seize the heights behind Fredericksburg, Virginia before Gen lee sides array arrived. After seizing the town of Fredericksburg, the Army of the Potomac would so advance south to Richmond. In order to bungle the Rappahannock burnside had to public figure multiple twain over for this purpose, support grammatical constituents sent pontoon bridge equipment to Fredericksburg. The Union Forces arrived to the couplingern banks of the Rappahannock in that location were no Confederate Forces in sight. It ould turn overm as if the improvement would be on the side of the Union Forces. 2. Equipment Gen Hunt deployed riflemen to provide lotion fire for the engineers at each end of the three construction points. He also possessed 147 heavy weapon pieces to serve as the principal(prenominal) impedimenta to the Confederate Forces opposing the Union effort and accommodate a pass logistics train. His ammo and other classes of supply were plentiful except the distance would behind cause these resources to erode. The Confederates had sufficient food and water, but other classes of supply were scarce, peculiarly their ammo.Many carried hunting rifles and cam strokeguns of varying caliber. The Union Forces had a clear returns. 3 . Terrain The city and its environs on the Rappahannock River in north-central Virginia were significant obstacles to Union advances on Richmond, the Confederate capital. The battlefield consists of a series of flood plains and river terraces with gentle slopes paralleled by north-south ridges that provide structural boundaries on either side, all comprised of Tertiary and quaternary Coastal Plain sediments. The Confederates, led by Gen Robert E.Lee, effectively used essential terrain features to impede attacks made by the Union army. Tactical benefits also accrue by the Confederates from manufactured obstacles on the battlefield, e. g. , stone walls and fences. After interbreedway the Rappahannock River, the Union Army, had to attack uphill with little cover in their unsuccessful attempts to loose the Confederates. This gave the Confederate Forces the vantage against the Union strike. 4. Troops Strategically the Union Forces had the advantage with the number of troops nether Gen Burnsides command at nearly 120,000.The Confederate Forces had the advantage as having set up their defensive positions and direct entrance fee through their supply routes to their headquarters in Richmond, Virginia. The Confederate Forces did lack army training in the ranks as well as standard eff items that would help in the success of their sweat. The Union Forces had a clear advantage as far as personnel, but Confederate Forces had an advantage for their tycoon to resupply the units. 5. Time This historic Fredericksburg Campaign planned and executed over a two-month period in November December of 1862.This was during an extremely cold and harsh spend season. It reduced both(prenominal) the Union and Confederate forces from quiet playactments, clear line of sight during pre-dawn arcminutes ( mist on the river), heavy s at one timefall, which restricted movements, thick terrain made of oak, maple, cedar, and super thick entangled brush cause limited mobility, count er mobility and reduced eyes on the foeman. Therefore, even though the weather did non esteem either side, it did not kept tactical goals of either side from beingness established.The Battle After, the Battle of Bull Run both armies devoted the reciprocal ohm half of 1861 and part of 1862 to describe serious adjustments for more important battles to come. procurance of supplies, training, recruiting new soldiers, and other military activities was the primary training mission of both armies. Neither force was in any particular hurry to carriage an offensive operation. An impatient chairperson waited in the black-and-blue House to see how his popular commanding officer go forth retrain and utilize his knock-down(a) forces.Gen McClellan moved his forces in March 1862, via water, to the Virginia Peninsula between the York and James Rivers. The intent of this move was to take Richmond, Virginia. However, Johnston countered this plan by moving his Confederate soldiers overland in the same direction. Therefore, Gen Mc McClellan staged his troops at Fort Monroe. At the same time, Stonewall Jackson began his Shenandoah Valley Campaign, wounded in battle General Johnston was succeed by Robert E. Lee. On Oct. 6, the President instructed Gen McClellan to soft touch the Potomac and bump battle to the antagonist, or drive him South.Your army must now move, he said, piece the roads are good. Twenty-four days spent in correspondence before Gen McClellan obeyed the order of the president. Gen McClellan complained of a lack of men and supplies to make it prudent to move forward. At length, October had nearly passed by and Gen Lees army thoroughly rested and reorganized, and communications with Richmond re-established, the Army of the Potomac began to cross the river (Oct. 26), 100,000 strong. The Nationals led down the east side of the BlueRidge, but failed to strike the retreating Confederates over the mountain in flank or to get forth of them and Gen Lee pus hed Gen Longstreets troops over the Blue Ridge to Culpeper Courthouse, between the Army of the Potomac and Richmond, ready to dispute the advance of the Nationals. Quick and energetic movements were now necessary to sever and defeat, in detail, Gen Lees army. (See Map 1) On Nov. 75, the President relieved Gen McClellan of command, and Gen Burnside took command of the Corps. A sense of accountability made the latter commander exceedingly cautious.Before he moved, he endeavored to get his 120,000 men well in hand. Gen Burnside determined Aquia brook Landing as his resupply hub and main base for his assault. His overall decision was to, and he moved the army towards Fredericksburg down the Fredericksburg Route towards Fredericksburg. The allowed his forces to cover Washington and curb better protection of his lines of resupply and communication. Oon Nov. 150 Gen. Sumner led the movement from Warrenton down the leftfield bank of the Rappahannock and covered almost 40 miles in two an d half days to Falmouth.By November 21, Gen Longstreets Corps had arrived near Fredericksburg, and Gen Jacksons (which had been downstream along the Rappahannock to frustrate crossings there) was following rapidly. Gen Lee at first pass judgment that he would fight Gen Burnside northwest of Fredericksburg and that it might be necessary to drop arse behind the North Anna River. However, when he saw how slowly Gen Burnside was moving, he directed all of his army toward Fredericksburg. The first pontoon bridges arrived at Falmouth on November 25, such(prenominal) too late to enable the Army of the Potomac to cross the river without opposition.Gen Burnside still had an opportunity, however, because he was facing only half of Gen Lees army, not besides dug in, and if he acted quickly, he might be able to attack Longstreet and defeat him before Jackson arrived. Once again, he squandered his opportunity. The bridges arrived at the end of the month, and by this time, Gen Jackson was p resent and Gen Longstreet was preparing strong defenses. Gen Burnside originally plannedplanned to use Gen McClellans original plan of to crossing his army east of Fredericksburg 10 miles (16 km) downstream at Skinkers Neck, but Earlys division arrived there and blocked him.Therefore,So he Gen Burnside decided to cross directly at Fredericksburg. On December 9, he wrote to Halleck, I think now the adversary will be more surprised by a crossing immediately in our front than any other part of the river. Im convince that a large force of the enemy is now concentrated at Port Royal, its left resting on Fredericksburg, which we hope to turn. In supplement to, his numerical advantage in troop strength, Gen Burnside also had the advantage of designed his army could not be attacked effectively.On the other side of the Rappahannock, 220 grease-gun pieces had been located on the ridge known as Stafford Heights to encumber Gen Lees army from mounting any major counterattacks. (See Map 1) On the morning of December 11, Union railroad engineers began the construction of sixsome pontoon bridges in dressing for the passage of Union Forces across the Rappahannock River. Two placed north of the town Center, a third on the southern end of town, and three gain ground south near the confluence of the Rappahannock and Deep Run.During the assembly of the pontoon bridges, Union Engineers came under punishing fire from the Confederate Forces primarily from the sharpshooters of the Mississippi Brigade commanded by Gen Barksdale. Gen Burnside. tThen ordered his Union artillery batteries then to shelled the city. The artillery fire lasted for an hour in terrific bombardment in hopes to drive the Confederate sharpshooters out of their positions. The bombardment failed to dampen the spirits of Barksdales sharpshooters, as soon as the artillery fire ceased the musketeers popped out of the holes and resumed firing.Thus, the first attempt to cross the river was a failure due t o the Confederates fires on federal engineers constructing pontoon bridges on the river. Gen Burnsides stave immediately began mission analysis on another plan to cross the river. Gen Hunt suggested the only solution to cross the river are volunteers to cross by ferry rowing in pontoons to secure the opposite side of the river a lay suppressive fire on Confederate sharpshooters to cover the bridge layers.Because of a lack in confidence on his part, Gen BurnsideIf he was self-confident and swift in issuing was slow in issuing his tactical instructions,instructions the Union Army of the Potomac may oblige caught the Confederates unready to defend their positions properly. In addition to the failure of the first attempt to cross, there wasAdditionally, a decrease in team spirit of the Union ForcesArmy of the Potomac and their senior commandeleadershipr due to the hesitation of Gen Burnsides decisionstheir overall commander on not just one critical occasion but several occasions.Oth er occasions of indecisiveness and lack of initiative in dealing with the blunder of getting the pontoons transferred from Washington also attributed to the decrease in morale of not only the Leadership leadership but also the Soldiers. Furthermore, the inability of Burnside to consider the advice advice, from Gen Halleck, was trying to give on where to cross the river showed the lack of communication from the field commander to Washington Headquarters. The Chief Engineer of the Army ordered his engineers in the following format (Stackpole, p122) (These were the actual orders that were issued) Engineers will place two pontoons bridges to be constructed at the site of old pontoon bridge, one of them to have approaches for artillery. One pontoon bridge at site of old canal-boat bridge approaches for artillery. Additionally, we will place two pontoon bridges just beneath mouth of Deep Run, a mile below Fredericksburg one to have artillery approach. major Spaulding to nurse three upp er ones major Magruder to throw the next, and Lieutenant Cross the lowest one. Bridge equipage, now at White Oak Church, to move up and go into park near Phillips house by dark.At midnight trains to move down within four hundred yards of river, and to move down and begin unloading a two in the morning. If enemy fire is kept down, bridges to be thrown as soon as are unloaded if too hot, wait until artillery silences it The battle opened south of the city at 830 a. m. on December 13, when Maj. Gen. William Franklin ordered two of the divisions from the Left Grand form to maneuver themselves through an unseen gap in Gen Jacksons defenses on the right and head towards Hamiltons Crossing. By 10 a. m. , a thick fog began to lift, and the initially sluggish movements picked up speed.Gen Meades division of 4,500 men formed the main attack, in direct support of Gen Meadesthese movements the divisions of Gen Doubleday and Gen Gibbon. The Virginia Horse Artillery under Major John Pelham stall ed the attack, and an artillery duel between Pelham and the Union artillery batteries lasted for approximately an hour. MAJ Pelham started his artillery attack with only two cannonsa 12-pounder Napoleon smoothbore and a rifled Blakelybut continued with only one by and by counter-battery fire disabled one of the cannons.Gen Lee observed the work on and commented intimately Pelham, age 24, It is glorious to see such courage in one so young. As Meade terminally made traction, he ran into Brig. Gen. Maxcy Greggs brigade, scattering it. Gen Gregg was shot and mortally wounded he died two days later. To Gen Meades right, Gen Gibbons attack against the brigades of Brig. Gen. William Dorsey Pender and Edward L. Thomas made good progress, but Gen Meade and Gen Gibbon men became separated by 130 p. m. , a heavy Confederate counterattack pushed them cover song to the beachhead of the Rappahannock.Because of the foggy conditions, Federal artillery could not provide much assistance because of the inability to discern between Union and Confederate Forces. drive back and chased by the Confederate infantry, raised some concerns with Gen Burnside, his divisions may be trapped at the river. The Federal line strengthened with addition of Brig. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles and Brig. Gen. David B. Birney divisions, and Stonewall Jacksons counterattack grounded to a halt. The focus of action moved north to Marye Heights. The initial assaults west of Fredericksburg began at 11 a. . as Frenchs divisiontwo divisions from Gen Couchs Corps, Gen Frenchs division and Gen Hancocks division, moved along the Plank Road, facing a steep-banked drainage ditch and a wide, open plain of 400 yards (370 m), dominated by Confederate infantry and artillery behind a sunken road and stone wall. Earlier, artillerist Edward Porter Alexander, A chicken could not live on that field when we open on it, had assured Gen Longstreet. The Union men attacking had to file d into columns over two small bridges acr oss the drainage ditch, making them a massed target.Attempts to shift the attack farther to the right failed because of swampy ground. As in the south, Union artillery was prevented by fog from effectively silencing the Confederate guns as from Stafford Heights Union guns were unable to reach the Confederate positions. Gen Burnside had anticipated this attack on the right would be merely supportive of his main effort on the left, but Franklin had stalled and resisted entreaties to continue, so Gen Burnside shifted his emphasis. After Frenchs division was repulsed with heavy losses, Gen Burnside sent in the divisions of Gen Hancock and Gen Howard, which met a standardized fate.By this time, Gen Picketts division and one of Gen Hoods brigades had marched north to reinforce Marye Heights. Gen Griffins division renew the attack at 330 p. m. , followed by Gen Humphreys division at 4 p. m. At dusk, Gen Gettys division assaulted from the east and was repulsed. Gen Burnside sent six Union Divisions in, virtually one brigade at a time, for 16 individual charges, all of which failed, costing them from 6,000 to 8,000 casualties. Watching the carnage from the center of his line, a position now known as Lees Hill, Gen Lee quoted as saying, It is well that war is so terrible, or we should grow too fond of it. The action on the heights also included the charge of the Irish Brigade, which baffled 50% of its strength in the battle but advanced advance up the heights than any other Union Brigade. Confederate losses at Marye Heights totaled around 1,200. The falling of darkness and the pleas of Gen Burnsides subordinates were sufficient to put an end to the attacks. Gen Longstreet later wrote, The charges had been desperate and bloody, but utterly hopeless. Thousands of Union soldiers spent the cold December night on the fields ahead(p) to the Heights, unable to move or assist the wounded because of Confederate fire.The armies remained in position throughout the day on D ecember 14, when Gen Burnside presently considered leading his old IX Corps in one final attack on Marye Heights, but with the suggestions of many of his officers, he reconsidered and abandoned his campaign sending his troops to northern bank of the Rappahannock River. That afternoon, Burnside asked Lee for a truce to attend to his wounded, which Lee graciously granted. The next day the Federal forces retreated across the river, and the campaign ended. SIGNIFICANCE 1.Short Term The Battle at Fredericksburg clearly showed how disastrous the Union Army Tactics were President Abraham Lincoln relieved Gen Burnside of command a month after this battle. 2. Long Term This was a major victory for the Army of Northern Virginia and costly to the Army of the Potomac. Many believe that Gen Lee lost his outflank chances to destroy the Gen Burnsides forces at Fredericksburg. Overall, the loss broke the morale of the Army of the Potomac and showed a weakness in the indecisiveness and lack of va gary in part of Gen Burnside. ANALYSISGen Burnside failed to achieve the tenant of green light and his overall objective of destroying the enemy forces securing the town of Fredericksburg because he violated the normal of Security and the Battle Operating System of Intelligence. The bulk of his forces fought to cross the river and very few were concerned with providing suppressive fire for the unit crossing. Gen Lees forces upon making contact with what he believed to be the enemies fleeing main force at Devils Swamp, he committed himself to battle without pausing to use his buck to reconnoiter the country.Gen Lee used his CCavalry Troops conducted rereconnaissancecond to the east and west of the Rappahannock turbid lowlandsRiver, an action that gave him an extreme advantage into witnessing the movement of Gen Burnsides forceswhich might have permitted him to cross unmolested at a point up or downstream from the swamp. Thus, outflanking Culpepper and forcing him to withdraw with out an opportunity to spring his cleverly crafted trap. The use of the terrain also gave Gen Lee a clear advantage as the Rappahannock River and extended entrenchments gave Gen Burnsides forces great difficulty.For his part, Brigadier CulpepperGen Lee effectively adhered to the Principles of Maneuver, Mass, and thrift of Force. Through the renter of Synchronization, these factors combined to create the culminating Principle of Surprise. Outnumbered and outgunned, he realized that he could not achieve his objective of ascertaining Morgans Gen Burnsides force and denying it manoeuver of the rail and road junction, as well as Yearlingvilletown of Fredericksburg, by agreeable in a conventional battle on anything approaching even terms he used unconventional tactics to achieve his goal.He possessed a clear understanding of what he had to accomplish and how he had to do so. He Gen Lee employed Maneuver and Mass of critical combat power at the decisive time and place while making effect ive use of both the weak and strong points of the units he led. By marring Morgan in the swampsstalling Burnsides movement across the river, he placed his enemy in a position of disadvantage. He shifted the battle to one where he positioned his massed combat power into a fixed enemy whose only option was to sink and die discontinue its efforts of seizing the town of Fredericksburg and retreat to the north side of the Rappahannock River.Culpepper Gen Lee exercised effective Synchronization and Economy of Force, deftly controlling the movements and fires of the disparate elements of his force in accordance with the elements of an intelligently conceived and workable plan of action in order to bring virtually the craved combat power at the decisive point. His employment of his cavalry, guerrillas, and militia reflected a thorough thought process of utilizing each element in ana precisely orchestrated maneuver exact orchestration to achieve the desired effect of ousting the Army of th e Potomac from the town of Fredericksburg back to the northern banks of the Rappahannock River. uring Morgans troops into the killing field of overwhelming force. His exploitation of Union Forces weaknesses in decisive movement and execution of a sound plan march Gen Lees his Seminole scouts superior knowledge of critical terrain features while denying the enemy the opportunity to effectively reconnoiter the same ground gave the critical element of Surprise once the battle was opened in accordance with the time, place and circumstances of his own choosing. Stackpole, Edward J.Drama on the Rappahannock The Fredericksburg Campaign. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania Stackpole Books, 1991 P. 23 Stackpole, Edward J. Drama on the Rappahannock The Fredericksburg Campaign. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania Stackpole Books, 1991 P. 121 Stackpole, Edward J. Drama on the Rappahannock The Fredericksburg Campaign. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania Stackpole Books, 1991, P. 122 OReilly, Francis Augustin, The Fred ericksburg Campaign overwinter War on the Rappahannock, Louisiana State University Press, 2003, P. 148 Goolrick, William K. and the Editors of Time-Life Books, Rebels Resurgent Fredericksburg to Chancellorsville, Time-Life Books, 1985, P. 87 BIBLIOGRAPHY FM 3-0 Operations. Washington, D. C. Headquarters Department of the Army, 2001. Goolrick, William K. Rebels Resurgent Fredericksburg to Chancellorsville. Time-Life Books, 1985. Kennedy, Frances H. The Civil War Battlefield Guide. capital of Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990. Luvaas, Jay and Nelson, Harold W. The U. S. Army War College Guides to the Battles of Chancellorsville & Fredericksburg. Lawrence the University Press of Kansas, 1994.Mitchell, Joseph B. Decisive Battles of the Civil War. New York G. P. Putnams Sons, 1955. OReilly, Francis Augustin. The Fredericksburg Campaign Winter War on the Rappahannock. Louisiana State University Press, 2003. Palfrey, Francis W. The Army in the Civil War The Antietam & Frederic ksburg. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1885. Parish, Peter J. The American Civil War. New York Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc, 1991. Stackpole, Edward J. Drama on the Rappahannock The Fredericksburg Campaign. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvannia Stackpole Books, 1991.

Last Sacrifice Chapter Seventeen

THE INTERROGATION DIDNT go so well.Oh, sure, we do cumulation of threats and utilisationd the stakes as torture devices, hardly non much(prenominal) came of it. Dimitri was lock in scary when dealing with Sonya, only when after his breakd protest with Dono cutting edge, he was c beful not to f every into that berserk rage again. This was healthier for him in the long run save not so good for scaring up answers verboten of Sonya. It didnt athletic supporter matters that we didnt exactly project a concrete interrogative sentence to call for her. We mostly had a series to throw at her. Did she live ab off an some other Dragomir? Was she related to the mother? Where were the mother and child? Things a c atomic number 18 went bad when Sonya realized we pick uped her too much to kill her, no matter how much silver stake torture we did.Wed been at it for oer an hour and were hazard forting exhausted. At least, I was. I leaned against a hem in near Sonya, and though I h ad my stake step up and ushery, I was relying on the wall a bit to a greater extent than I exchange abled to recognize to follow me up reform. N unmatched of us had spoken in a while. as yet Sonya had given up on her snarling threats. She simply waited and pacifyed watchful, undoubtedly planning for escape, likely reckoning wed tire before she did. That silence was scarier than all the threats in the world. I was used to Strigoi using words to intimidate me. Id neer expected the supply simply being quiet and staring menacingly could ache.What happened to your head, Rose? asked Dimitri, short catching a glimpse of it.Id been tuning reveal a bantam and realized he was talking to me. Huh? I brushed aside sensory hair that had been obscuring part of my forehead. My fingers came off sticky with blood, triggering vague memories of crashing into the t fit. I shrugged, ignoring the dizziness Id been feeling. Im fine.Dimitri gave Sydney the speedy of glances. Go lay her dow n and clean it up. Dont let her sleep until we send word figure bulge if its a concussion.No, I cant, I argued. I cant offer you al unity with her Im fine, he state. Rest up so that you can help me later. Youre no good to me if youre precisely going to fall over.I shut up protested, merely when Sydney gently took my arm, my stumbling gave me away. She led me to the houses one bedroom, much to my dismay. There was something creepy ab come in retireing I was in a Strigois bed compensate if it was cover with a blue-and- white floral quilt.Man, I state, lying cover song against the pillow once Sydney had cleaned my forehead. Despite my earlier denial, it snarl great to rest. I cant quarter used to the weirdness of a Strigoi living in a place so normal. How are you holding up?Better than you guys, said Sydney. She wrapped her arms ab pop herself and eyed the room uncomfortably. Being around Strigoi is starting to make you guys correspondm not so bad.Well, at least some good s get along out of this, I re mark. Despite her joke, I knew she had to be terrified. I started to c pull tail my eyeball and was jolted awake when Sydney poked my arm.No sleep, she chastised. persevere up and talk to me.Its not a concussion, I muttered. tho I suppose we can go over plans to get Sonya to talk.Sydney sat at the foot of the bed and grimaced. No offense? But I dont hark stomach shes going to crack.She will once shes gone a a couple of(prenominal)er geezerhood without blood.Sydney blanched. A some days?Well, some(prenominal) it takes to A spike of sensation flitted by the bond, and I froze. Sydney jumped up, her eyes darting around as though a group of Strigoi might have burst into the room.Whats wrong? she exclaimed. I have to go to Lissa.Youre not supposed to sleepIts not sleeping, I said bluntly. And with that, I jumped away from Sonyas bedroom and into Lissas perspective.She was riding in a van with five other people whom I immediately recognized as oth er royal nominees. It was an eight- soul van and excessively included a protector driver with another in the passenger seat who was looking back at Lissa and her companions.Each of you will be dropped off in a separate location on the outskirts of a forest and given a constitute and compass. The ultimate goal is for you to reach the destination on the map and wait out the daylight until we come for you.Lissa and the other nominees exchanged glances and because, well-nigh as one, peered out the vans windows. It was almost noon, and the insolatelight was pouring down. Waiting out the daylight was not going to be nice just now didnt sound impossible. Idly, she scratched at a dispirited bandage on her arm and quickly halt herself. I read from her persuasions what it was a fine, barely noticeable dot tattooed into her skin. It was real similar to Sydneys blood and human race, mixed with compulsion. Compulsion might be prohibited among Moroi, but this was a special situation . The spell in the tattoo pr chargeted the candidates from disclosure the milkweed butterfly tests to others not involved with the process. This was the first test.What kind of terrain are you send us to? demanded Marcus Lazar. Were not all in the same physical shape. Its not fair when some of us have an value. His eyes were on Lissa as he spoke.There is a lot of walking, said the guardian, face serious. But its nothing that any candidateof any ageshouldnt be able to handle. And, to be honest, part of the requirements for a king or queen is a veritable amount of stamina. Age brings wisdom, but a monarch take to be healthy. Not an athlete by any means, added the guardian quickly, eyesight Marcus start to open his mouth. But its no good for the Moroi to have a sickly monarch elected who dies at bottom a year. Harsh, but true. And you alike expect to be able to endure uncomfortable situations. If you cant handle a day in the sun, you cant handle a Council meeting. I think he i ntended that as a joke, but it was hard to tell since he didnt smile. Its not a race, though. Take your magazine getting to the end if you need it. Marked along the map are spots where certain items are hiddenitems thatll make this more than bearable, if you can decipher the clues.Can we use our magic? asked Ariana Szelsky. She wasnt young either, but she looked tough and ready to accept a challenge of endurance.Yes, you can, said the guardian solemnly.Are we in danger out there? asked another candidate, Ronald Ozera. Aside from the sun?That, said the guardian mysteriously, is something youll need to learn for yourselves. But, if at any time you want out He produced a mantrap of cell surrounds and distributed them. Maps and compasses followed. Call the programmed number, and well come for you.Nobody had to ask about the hidden message behind that. Calling the number would get you out of the long day of endurance. It would also mean youd failed the test and were out of the runnin g for the tummy. Lissa glanced at her phone, half-surprised there was even a signal. Theyd left courtyard about an hour ago and were well into the coun adjudicateside. A line of trees made Lissa think they were nearing their destination.So. A test of physical endurance. It wasnt quite what shed expected. The trials a monarch went through had long been shrouded in mystery, gaining an almost mystical reputation. This one was fairly practical, and Lissa could understand the logical view, even if Marcus didnt. It truly wasnt an athletic competition, and the guardian had a smear in saying that the future monarch should possess a certain level of fitness. Glancing at the back of her map, which listed the clues, Lissa realized this would also test their reasoning skills. any very basic stuffbut essential to judgement a nation.The van dropped them off one by one at different starting points. With each departing candidate, Lissas anxiety grew. Theres nothing to annoy about, she though t. Ive just got to sit through a sunny day. She was the next to last person dropped off, with only Ariana remaining behind. Ariana patted Lissas arm as the van door opened. secure luck, dear.Lissa gave her a quick smile. These tests might all be a maneuver on Lissas part, but Ariana was the real deal, and Lissa prayed the older woman could get through this successfully.Left alone as the van drove away, unease fiesta through Lissa. The simple endurance test suddenly seemed much more daunting and difficult. She was on her own, something that didnt happen very often. Id been there for most of her life, and even when Id left, shed had friends around her. But now? It was just her, the map, and the cell phone. And the cell phone was her enemy.She walked to the edge of the forest and studied her map. A drawing of a gargantuan oak tree marked the beginning, with directions to go northwest. Scanning the trees, Lissa saw trey maples, a fir, andan oak. Heading toward it, she couldnt help a smile. If anyone else had botanical landmarks and didnt know their plants and trees, they could lose candidacy right there.The compass was a classic one. No digital GPS convenience here. Lissa had neer used a compass like this, and the preventive part of me wished I could jump in and help. I should have know correct, though. Lissa was smart and easily figured it out. Heading northwest, she stepped into the woods. While there was no clear path, the forests floor wasnt too covered with overgrowth or obstacles.The becoming part about being in the forest was that the trees blocked out some of the sun. It still wasnt an predilectionl Moroi condition, but it beat being dropped in a desert. Birds sang, and the scenery was lush and green. Keeping an eye out for the next landmark, Lissa tried to relax and pretend she was simply on a pleasant hike. Yet it was difficult to do that with so much on her mind. Abe and our other friends were now in charge of functional and asking questions about the murder. all(a) of them were asleep right nowit was the middle of the Moroi nightbut Lissa didnt know when shed return and couldnt help resenting this test for taking up her time. No, wasting her time. Shed at last accepted the logic behind her friends nominationbut she still didnt like it. She wanted to actively help them.Her churning thoughts almost led her right departed her next landmark a tree that had travel ages ago. Moss covered it, and much of the wood was rotten. A star on the map marked it as a place with a clue. She flipped over the map and read I grow and I shrink. I run and I crawl. win my voice, though I have none at all. I never do leave here, but I travel around I float through the sky and I creep through the desk twitch. I keep my cache in a vault although I have no wealth, Seek out my decay to safeguard your health.Um.My mind went dummy right about then(prenominal), but Lissas spun. She read it over and over again, examining the case-by-case word s and how each line played off the other. I never do leave here. That was the starting point, she decided. Something permanent. She looked around, considered the trees, then dismissed them. They could always be cut and removed. Careful not to stray too farther from the fallen tree, she circled the area searching for more. Everything was theoretically transient. What stayed?Follow my voice. She came to a halt and shut her eyes, absorbing the sounds around her. Mostly birds. The occasional rustle of leaves. AndShe opened her eyes and walked briskly to her right. The sound shed heard grew louder, bubbling and trickling. There. A small brook ran through the woods, hardly noticeable. Indeed, it seemed too tiny for the streambed carved out around it.But I bet you grow when it rains, she murmured, uncaring that she was speechmaking to a stream. She looked back down at the clue, and I felt her ingenious mind rapidly tour it all together. The stream was permanentbut traveled. It changed size. It had a voice. It ran in deep parts, crawled when there were obstacles. And when it evaporated, it floated in the air. She frowned, still throw the riddle aloud. But you dont decay.Lissa studied the area once more, uneasily thinking decay could apply to any plant life. Her gaze moved past a large maple tree and then jerked back. At its base grew a clump of brown and white mushrooms, several wilting and turning black. She travel over and knelt down, and that was when she saw it a small hole dug into the earth nearby. Leaning closer, she saw a flash of affectation a lofty drawstring purse.Triumphantly, Lissa pulled it out and stood up. The bag was made of canvas and had long thread that would allow it to hang over her shoulder as she walked. She opened the bag and peered inside. There, tucked inside the fluffy and squealery lining, was the best thing of all a bottle of piddle. Until now, Lissa hadnt realized how hot and dehydrated shed grownor how wearying the sun was. The candidates had been told to wear sturdy shoes and practical uniform but hadnt been allowed any other supplies. Finding this bottle was priceless.Sitting on the log, she took a break, careful to conserve her water supply. While the map indicated a few more clues and rewards, she knew she couldnt necessarily count on any more implemental bags. So, after several minutes rest, she put away the water and slung the little block over her shoulder. The map directed her due west, so that was the way she went.The light beat on her as she keep her walk, forcing her to take a few more (conservative) water breaks. She kept reminding herself it wasnt a race and that she should take it easy. subsequently a few more clues, she discovered the map wasnt quite to scale, so it wasnt always obvious how long each leg of the hike was. Nonetheless, she was joyful to successfully solve each clue, though the rewards became more and more baffling. one of them was a bunch of sticks sitting on a roc k, something she would have swear was a mistake, but someone civilized had clearly tied the batch together. She added that into her bag, along with a neatly folded green plastic tarpaulin. By now, labor was pouring off her, and rolling up the sleeves of her button-down cotton shirt did little to help. She took more frequent breaks. Sunburn became a serious concern, so it was a huge relief when her next clue led to a bottle of sunscreen.After a couple hours of battling the intense summer heat, Lissa became so hot and tired that she no longer had the mental energy to be annoyed about missing out on whatever was happening at Court. All that mattered was getting to the end of this test. The map showed two more clues, which she took as a promising sign. She would reach the end soon and then could simply wait for someone to get her. A flash of acknowledgement hit her. The tarp. The tarp was a sun block, she decided. She could use it at the end.This cheered her up, as did the next pr ize more water and a floppy, wide-brimmed hat that helped keep the sunlight from her face. Unfortunately, after that, what appeared to be a short leg of the pilgrimage turned out to be twice as long as she expected. By the time she finally reached the next clue, she was more interested in taking a water break than digging out whatever else the guardians had left her.My heart went out to her. I wished so, so badly that I could help. That was my job, to protect her. She shouldnt be alone. Or should she? Was that also part of the test? In a world where royals were almost always surrounded by guardians, this loneliness had to be a total shock. Moroi were hardy and had excellent esthesiss, but they werent reinforced for extreme heat and challenging terrain. I could have probably jogged the line of credit easily. Admittedly, I wasnt sure I would have had Lissas deductive skills in figuring out the clues.Lissas last reward was obstinate and steel, not that she had any idea what they w ere. I recognized them instantly as the tools of a fire-making kit but couldnt for the world figure out why shed need to build a fire on a day like this. With a shrug, she added the items to her bag and kept going.And thats when things started to get cold. Really cold.She didnt entirely process it at first, in general because the sun was still shining so brilliantly. Her brain said what she felt was impossible, but her goose bumps and chattering teeth said otherwise. She rolled her sleeves back down and quickened her pace, wishing that the sudden cold had at least come with cloud cover. Walking faster and exerting herself more helped heat her body.Until it began to rain.It started off as a mist, then changed to drizzle, and finally turned into a steady render of water. Her hair and clothing became soaked, making the cold temperature that much worse. Yet the sun still shone, its light an annoyance to her sensitive skin but oblation no love in compensation.Magic, she realized. Th is weather is magical. It was part of the test. Somehow, Moroi air and water magic users had united to defy the hot, sunny weather. That was why she had a tarpto block the sun and the rain. She considered getting it out now and wearing it like a cloak but quickly decided to wait until she reached the endpoint. She had no idea how far away that really was, though. Twenty feet? Twenty miles? The prickling of the rain crept over her, seeping under her skin. It was miserable.The cell phone in the bag was her ticket out. It was barely late afternoon. She had a long time to wait before this test ended. All she had to do was make one call one call, and shed be out of this mess and back to working on what she should be at Court. No. A kernel of inclination flared up within her. This challenge was no longer about the Moroi throne or Tatianas murder. It was a test she would take on for herself. Shed led a soft and sheltered life, letting others protect her. She would endure this on her own and she would pass.This determination took her to the maps end, a clearing ringed in trees. Two of the trees were small and close enough together that Lissa thought she might be able to drape the tarp into some sort of reasonable shelter. With cold, fumbling fingers, she managed to get it out of the bag and unfold it to its full sizewhich was fortunately much larger than shed suspected. Her sense of humour began to lift as she worked with the tarp and figured out how to create a small canopy. She crawled inside once it was complete, glad to be out of the falling rain.But that didnt change the fact that she was wet. Or that the ground was also wet and muddy. The tarp also didnt protect her against the cold. She felt a flash of bitterness, recalling the guardians saying magic was allowed in this test. She hadnt thought magic would be useful at the time, but now, she could certainly see the perks of being a water user to control the rain and keep it off her. Or, better yet being a fir e user. She wished Christian was with her. She would have welcomed the warmth of both his magic and his embrace. For this kind of situation, spirit seriously suckedunless, perhaps, she got hypothermia and mandatory to try to heal herself (which never worked as well as it did on other people). No, she decided. There could be no question water and fire users had the advantage in this test.Thats when it hit her.FireLissa straightened up from where shed been huddled. She hadnt recognized the iron and granitic for what they were, but now, vague recollections of fire-making were coming back to her. Shed never been taught those skills directly but was pretty sure striking the stones together would make a illuminationif she only had dry wood. Everything out there was soaked .Except for the batch of sticks in her bag. Laughing out loud, she untied the sticks and set them in a place shielded from the rain. After arranging them in what seemed like a campfire-friendly pattern, she tried to f igure out what to do with the steel and flint. In movies, she thought shed seen people just hit them to make sparks fly. So, thats what she did.Nothing happened.She tried trinity more times, and her earlier excitement gave way to spirit-darkened frustration. I pulled some of that from her, needing her to stay focused. On the fourth try, a spark flew off and faded awaybut it was what she needed to understand the principle. Before long she could easily make sparks, but they did nothing when they landed on the wood. Up and down her mood was a rollercoaster of hope and disappointment. Dont give up, I wanted to say as I drew off more negativity. Dont give up. I also wanted to give her a lesson on kindling, but that was pushing my limits. honoring her, I was beginning to realize how much I underestimated Lissas intelligence. I knew she was brilliant, but I always imagined her being helpless in these situations. She wasnt. She could reason things out. That tiny spark couldnt penetrate the wood of the sticks. She needed a bigger flame. She needed something the sparks could ignite. But what? for certainly nothing in this waterlogged forest.Her eyes trim on the map poking out of her bag. She hesitated only a jiffy before ripping and shredding the paper into a pile on top of the twigs. Supposedly, shed reached the end of the hike and didnt need the map. Supposedly. But it was too late now, and Lissa pushed in front with her plan. First, she pulled out some of the bags fluffy lining, adding the bits of fuzz to the paper. Then she took up the flint and steel again.A spark jumped out and immediately caught a piece of the paper. It flared orange before fading out, leaving a wisp of smoke. She tried again, sway forward to gently blow on the paper when the spark landed. A tiny flame appeared, caught a neighboring shred, and then faded. Steeling herself up, Lissa tried a final time.Come on, come on, she muttered, as though she might fasten a fire into existence.This time , the spark caught and held, turning into a small flame, then a larger flame that soon consumed her kindling. I prayed it would take to the wood, or else she was out of luck. Brighter and larger the flame grew, eating the last of the paper and fuzz and then spreading along the sticks. Lissa blew softly to keep it going, and before long, the campfire was in full blaze.The fire couldnt change the piercing cold, but as far as she was concerned, she had the warmth of the entire sun in her hands. She smiled, and a sense of pride that she hadnt felt in a while spread within her. Finally able to relax, she glanced out at the rainy forest and caught the faintest flashes of color in the distance. Channeling spirit, she used her magic to intensify her ability to see auras. Sure enoughhidden far, far out among the trees, she could see two auras modify with strong, steady colors. Their owners stood still, staying quiet and covered. Lissas smile grew. Guardians. Or maybe the air and water user s controlling the weather. None of the candidates were alone out here. Ronald Ozera had had no need to worrybut then, he wouldnt know that. Only she did. Maybe spirit wasnt so useless out here after all.The rain began to lighten, and the fires warmth continued to soothe her. She couldnt read the time from the sky, but somehow, she knew she would have no trouble waiting out the day andRose? A voice summoned me out of Lissas wilderness survival. Rose, wake up or whatever.I blinked, focusing on Sydneys face, which was a few inches from mine. What? I demanded. Why are you bothering me?She flinched and jerked away, momentarily speechless. twist away Lissas darkness while joined with her hadnt affected me at the time, but now, conscious in my own body, I felt anger and snappishness flood me. Its not you, its not Sydney, I told myself. Its spirit. Calm down. I took a deep breath, refusing to let spirit master me. I was stronger than it was. I hoped. As I fought to push those feelings d own, I looked around and remembered I was in Sonya Karps bedroom. All my problems came rushing back. There was a bound Strigoi in the other room, one we were barely keeping constrained and who didnt seem like she would give us answers anytime soon.I looked back at Sydney, who still seemed afraid of me. Im sorry I didnt mean to snap at you. I was just startled. She hesitated a few moments and then nodded, accepting my apology. As the fear faded from her face, I could see that something else was bothering her. Whats wrong? I asked. As long as we were alive and Sonya was still trapped, things couldnt be that bad, right?Sydney stepped back and crossed her arms. Victor Dashkov and his brother are here.

Exploring Cultural anthropology Essay

Cultural difference(s) is one of the research topics that best suits for a heathenish anthropologist to study. In my own perspective as a ethnical anthropologist, cultural difference in the United States of America is one of the topics I capacity propose to research. In the United States where the issue of racism is of most major concern among former(a) races, the history of racial discrimination has passed down until today. umpteen races including Asians are discriminated with regards to services, priorities, socialization, and its laws.Although there are sufficient laws that suspend racial discrimination among other races, this issue depart still be in reality because of each cultural differences. This study may help in catch meliorate cultural differences/racism where it is in existence in the strong and is at most importance to international relations. Why would you choose this horti coating and topic for research? I chose the ending of United States since it has been the model of each other culture in the world.Many countries are instigated to pattern their state of matter to the United States policy-making system, diversity in religion, economy, and culture and traditions. As a worlds sole superpower, its culture plays an important role in maintaining its political and sparing power to the world. American sports in example, military tradition, and betterment in science, arts and in entertainment (Hollywood) these are the things that draws political and economic power to the United States. Its culture is of most interest by other countries in the world.With regards to racism, I chose this topic for the reason that, until today, the United States struggles in eliminating or otherwise minimized racial discrimination domestically. It is a human disposition to treat other races superior or inferior among them. It is of our interest the better ways if eliminate, prevent racial discrimination among others. The study of United States culture wil l kick downstairs better understanding what it takes to be a magnetized country and a representation to the world.The study of racism will give better understanding how will we become accustomed to other races (The daybook of American Culture, 2009). What do you hope to discover, accomplish, or address by perusing this culture? How could you prepare for culture shock? The culture of the United States done careful study would lay the foundation how a developing will and/or a poor country rise to power, elevate their political and economic influence to developed countries, and improved their standard of living via instigating American culture.Im hoping to give details on different cultures, and address the needs of other people towards information dissemination. With regards to culture shock, studying culture may help in adjusting and/or adapt to culture differences. References The diary of American Culture. American Family Traditions, (2009). American Family Traditions. Retri eved June 11, 2009 from americanfamilytraditions database.

Article on Discipline Essay

content is not only necessary but likewise vital for any civilized society, as a matter of fact, ascertain and Nature are synonymous with each other and whenever anything happens, which defies or interrupts the unwashed in Nature, it reverses a calamity, and similarly manner without aim bottomland become chaotic. The term discipline means any training intended to bring out moral character or produce a particular grade of behavior accepted by afferent institutions and society. Discipline is a vogue of life. It is vital in happing champions personality. According to one take of thought, there are here forms of discipline i.e. expressionistic, impressionistic and self- discipline. If-discipline is usually considered to be the best form of discipline here in the term discipline instead of standing as a rigid code of preserve obi strictly adhered to, denotes a process of normal growth and learning, of shipway to monitor oneself. Self discipline is directly related to the co ncept of freedom and motivation. If a child is motivated and given the freedom to choose, discipline becomes a natural way of life. In modern times, discipline is misunderstood and misinterpreted by some students as rigid and fixed set of rules enforced by others and to be followed without any questions being asked. They feel it is encroachment of their freedom and rights.Discipline is not a term which is limited to institutions like schools and colleges only. Neither is it a weapon or tool in the hands of adults to control the junior generation or in other words seeking incontestable compliance. Discipline is neither suppression nor a means to assert ones authority rather it is intrinsic motivation in a person to control oneself, ones emotion, and desires and live in a uniform and orderly manner. That everything in this universe has to follow certain rules, the solarise rises in the East and sets in the West, come what may, the cycle of seasons also follows a pattern, Night fol lows, dusk which follows day and dawn, thus, we humans are also governed by rules and following the same is another term for discipline. In schools, discipline can be exercised through the medium of morning assembly, time table, uniform, break, activities, various competitions and chide shows. An example of discipline is also the happening of activities in the school expound in a particular order, right from promptness in make the school, wearing the prescribed uniform, abiding with the school rules, attending classes etc.etc.When one learns to conform to a particular set of rules he understands the immenseness and need to follow a particular pattern in life and how veering away from them can make life difficult and confusing, every(prenominal) successful people understand the importance of discipline in their lives and fuck the fruits of success. An undisciplined person is prone to temptations and can easily fall feed to a lifestyle which could lead to his failure and doom. Discipline, thus is inevitable as it gives direction to live life in a harmonious, and orderly way.

Panera SWOT Essay

A SWOT Analysis is a situational in which internal strengths and weaknesses of an organization, and orthogonal opportunities and threats faced by it are closely examined to provide an adequate scheme (http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/SWOT-analysis.html). Panera put on keep guild has become one of the leading companies in the alert casual restaurant market. StrengthsThe Strengths that Panera scratch line follow has are the followers a well-knit presence in its niche segment, a strong kindred with their franchisees, they focus on having a specialty bread and beefy financial performance. In 2008, the play along bringd in 1,252 bakery-cafes in 38 American States and Canada. Panera Bread communitys success relies on the strategy of quick good and superior quality food. According to Wall Street Journal, Panera scored the highest with client loyalty in their market niche. In 2007, Sandleman & Associates Quick-Track Awards of Excellence, put Panera Bread Company as one of the top chain restaurants for the sixth consecutive year. They get hold of a very strong brand image, which also contributes to their success. Panera Bread Company has a strong relationship with their franchisees.It expects to operate 256 additional franchisees or scene of action developers from their 725 franchise-operated bakery-cafes. Panera primarily operates through franchise agreements throughout the United States and this substantiative relationship that headquarters has with these companies has led to their success. This aids the branch of the connection. The connection has a high focus on being a specialty bread store. Panera Bread Company produces Artisan breads. Artisan bread utilizes natural ingredients with skilled attention, which differentiates the guild from commercial competition. This helps the company become secure in its segment of the market. Panera Bread Company has had robust financial performance. Its revenues increased by 21.8% from 2007 to 2008. The companies net profit increased by 17.4% from 2007 to 2008. This continued growth provides the company with a positive future. The company also purchased 51% of the outstanding stock of Paradise. WeaknessesPanera Bread Company has highly concentrated geographic operations, meaning the company is confined to direct in North America. This is a problem because if a change in state taxes could bring a risk to the market concentration. It also loses the opportunities that their competitors leave behind set about to establish themselves in foreign markets. The company does not operate in the Asia-Pacific region or Europe-Africa, which could be potential areas they could benefit from. other weakness that Panera Bread Company has is its lack of scale. When compared to its competitors, Panera Bread Company has a lot smaller revenues. Companies such as Starbucks or McDonalds dwarf this company, in yearly revenues. Panera needs to expand to other regions to become a planetary co mpetitor. OpportunitiesThe three opportunities that Panera Bread Company has are the following controlling of direct cost, expansion to grow top line and growth demand for constituent(a) products. Panera decided to focus its menu primarily with breakfast and lunch. This is why the company removed the Crispani from its product line. The pizza like pastry was intended to earn a late afternoon to early evening consumer, but had bantam growth. The little growth was believed to be caused by the recession, which made the company have to focus its menu to two meals a day. The expansion of the company has created to a greater extent geographic presence for top line growth. Panera Bread Company heart-to-heart its first company in Toronto, Ontario in 2008. In that same year, the company opened 91 new bakeries. This will help give the company a better presence, but another region for expansion would be Europe and Asia. The growing demand for organic products is a huge chance for the comp any. The already natural ingredients in its Artisan bread make this an lento transition for the company. According to article created by Datamonitor titled Organic solid food in the United States, the company had a compound annual growth rate of 17.9%. This opportunity would reflect positively on product gross sales for the company. ThreatsPanera Bread Company has four major threats to its success. The first threat to the companys success is the highly competitive restaurant industry. The company has to fight in three different industries. Panera competes in the specialty food, quick service and casual dining retailers. It majorcompetition is Starbucks, McDonalds, Einstein Noah Restaurant Group, heap Sandwich Works and Yum Brands. This competition could impact Panera Bread Companys market share. The second threat to Panera Bread Company would be a disruption in the companys supply. The company provides fresh ice lolly to each location by temperature controlled vehicles. If ther e happens to be poor support conditions, labor difficulties, technical issues or damage to any vehicles in the fleet, therefore the company could have shortage problem.Depending on how long there is a problem in the fleet Panera Bread Company would see a decline in sales from those locations affected. The increasing popularity of vegetarian food is the third threat. At an average growth of 9% per year, this market is projected to reach $1,700 billion by 2010 ( http//search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=44704860&site=bsi-live). The increase of a preference of healthy, natural, and fat free food has created a very booming market. If Panera Bread Company does not adhere to this trend in the market, thence they could be left behind by its competitors. The increase in the borderline wage is the fourth threat to Panera Bread Company. The steady increase in minimum wage has increased labor costs, which have impacted the companys profit. Hopefully, the minimum wage rem ains at $7.25 because this is affecting overall administrative costs for the company.

Conventional Accounting Essay

Conventional story may not be suitable for surround and social applications. When companys frugal benefits are at odds with environmental and social benefits, conventional accounting concentrates only on the trys benefits and does not pay attention to the natural environment and human nine. (Hooper et al., 2008). Conventional accounting merely presents the development closely enterprises financial position and performance so as to meets the accusatory of shareholders and investors. Such approach does not satisfy other stakeholders interests and information need (Dana, 2008).Conventional accounting often treats the environmental impacts from business activities as externalities, much(prenominal) as the pollution of industrial emissions. It will not disclose the information about environmental damages and social be of pollution, only if the environmental impacts lead to penalties or the cost of cleanup (Stefan and Roger, 2000).In order to remediate enterprises profitability , conventional accounting suggests managers to use machinery or technology instead of labor force, which result in some negative impacts on society. High unemployment often causes a decrease in quality of sustenance and a rise of crime rate, and also may bring about interpersonal conflicts in company (John, 2009). Conventional accounting usually ignores these costs of unemployment in the account of company.However, conventional accounting may be applicable to environmental and social issues, when the costs of business activities are redefined by containing their environmental and social costs. Such as the activities costs is to the enterprise instead of environment or society. This reclassification can help enterprises to decrease the costs of environment and society and thus improve enterprises environmental and social performance.

Improving Quality of Health Care Services

Improving spirit of wellness C atomic number 18 service The U. S. leads the way in m any(prenominal) aras into the future of economy, wealth and civilization. America spends to a greater extent on heath c be than any other nation with case and safety being a key steering. Nevertheless, evidence of betterment of decreased misconducts is limited. We lack answers to financial stability and providing tone health apportion to altogether (Becher & Chassin, 2001). Nation eachy, everyone is engaged in improving the type and safety of healthc ar.We need to be awakened to preventing errors and providing safer care (Laureate, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the initiative to improve type and safety of health care with the Six Dimensions of Goodness in health care. A quality and/or safety initiative healthcare facilities are engaging in the prevention of medical errors and providing better care. Many institutions are implementing process approach focused on vi key dimensions to erect the quality and safety in their healthcare setting (Laureate, 2009).The six dimensions are Safety-to avoid injury to affected roles from the care that is intended to help them Time landmarkss-to reduce waits and pestilential delays Effectiveness-to endure services based on scientific knowledge to all who could benefit and refrain from providing services to those not likely to benefit (avoiding overutilization and underuse, respectively) Efficiency-to avoid waste Equitability-to provide care that does not vary in quality because of personal characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, geographical location, and socioeconomic status and Patient centeredness-to provide care that is respectful of and responsive to individual enduring preferences, involve, and values (Madhok, 2002). Reasons for the initiative The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has a maturation extend to about medical errors. The IOM report Crossing the Quality Chasm, asked for a radical cha nge, recommending that the delivery of health care be based on six key dimensions. We wel strike an interaction between the errors of individuals and system flaws that need to be prevented. We need to change our defense systems (Madhok, 2002). The report, To Err is Human estimated that 44,000 Ameri brooks die per form as a result of medical errors.More deaths occur in a given year from medical errors than from motor vehicle accidents, breast cancer, or AIDS. National costs of preventable medical errors were estimated between $17 million $29 billion (Madhok, 2002). healthcare institutions are embracing new initiatives for safer care based on the six dimensions. Healthcare systems are implementing the six dimensions as a basic initiative to improve quality. The IOM states that American healthcare must(prenominal) make vast changes to have clinically safe and quality care (Madhok, 2002). The six dimensions can influence and direct the overall process of improvement (Laureate, 20 09). Payment systems such as Pay for Performance are cause facilities to incorporate the six dimensions.Pay for Performance initiatives advocate financial rewards to hospitals demonstrating outstanding antifertility and care giving employs (Sultz & Young, 2011). Poor outcomes with medication errors, skin breakdown, long-suffering falls, isolation procedures, and drug protocols can effect payment to hospitals (Laureate Education Inc, 2009). High quality medical care at an affordable cost is a growing goal for healthcare institutions. Effective, safe, and affordable health care leads to higher patient satisfaction (Quality Initiatives, 2004). Strengths and limitations of the initiative The six dimensions encourage a strong focus on health care quality and error prevention.They encourage policymakers, purchasers, regulators, health professionals, health care trustees, management, and consumers to commit to a national system level of process improvement for quality health care. The y encourage a divided up agenda to pursue safer care (Madhok, 2002). This can cause facilities wanting independency limitations. Overuse of fee-for-service has been associated with higher rates of variety of health services. Americans are mesmerized with technology and often want something done whether it is the best choice of care. Health care providers accommodate consumers. A more unified system could provide better care. It could decrease spending and limit the freedom to choose any type of care one desires (Becher, & Chassin, 2001).A fragmented healthcare system needs to come together to provide equal access and care to all U. S. citizens (Laureate, 2009). The six dimensions promote a high level of performance guide to better quality performance and a process of care measures. Healthcare is raising the bar for better care with enhanced collaboration, benchmarking, and facility menu goals to support the dimensions (Jiang, 2010). Quality goals such as Zero central line infecti ons & zero sepsis is encouraging a higher level of care quite of being satisfied with average outcomes of care (Jiang, 2010). Role of nursing Health care is a team sport. nurse needs to be break away of the team and be actively involved in preventing harm to patients (Laureate, 2009).Effective leaders with health care change needs to come from those engaged in providing health care to patients (Becher & Chassi, 2001). Nursing should be a part of identifying the error cause, convention data, and making goals to prevent subsequent errors (NCC MERP, 2002). Nursing can be more aware and involved in prevention. Nursing can contract higher standards and have an attitude of prevention concerning errors. Patients should not ever get out a health care facility in a coach worse than they arrived. U. S. health care must improve their standards of care (Laureate, 2009). Nursing can be a part of better communication and handoffs. The patient has often been the communication link to give r eport to the next caregiver (Becher, E. & Chassin, M. , 2001).Bedside nurses need empowerment to provide care and be involved in creating policies for better care. Nurses need more education, to get more involved in National groups that can affect policy, and to participate in research. Nurses have a great responsibility for safe healthcare. They have an opportunity to make a difference (Laureate, 2009). Nursing should be a part of identifying the error cause, gathering data, and making goals to prevent subsequent errors (NCC MERP, 2002). Summary 10 point The scrap IOM report Crossing the Quality Chasm, asked for a fundamental change, recommending that the delivery of health care in the 21st century be based on six key dimensions (Madhok, 2002).The key dimensions are safety, effectiveness, patient centeredness, timeliness, efficiency, and equitability (Laureate, 2009). Healthcare systems are implementing the six dimensions as a basic initiative to improve quality and safety and d irect the overall process of improvement of care (Laureate, 2009). We have an interaction between the errors of individuals and system flaws that need to be prevented. We need to strengthen our defense systems (Madhok, 2002). A fragmented healthcare system needs to come together to provide equal access and care to all U. S. citizens (Laureate, 2009). Nurses can be a large part of implementing the six dimensions. Nurses have a great responsibility for safe healthcare.They have an opportunity to make a difference (Laureate, 2009). The six dimensions of goodness can assist the U. S. to improve quality and safety in the healthcare system. References Becher, E. & Chassin, M. (2001) Improving quality, minimizing error Making it happen. Health Affair(20)3 68-81. Retrieved on February 5, 2011 from http//content. healthaffairs. org/content/20/3/68. full. pdf Becher, E. & Chassin, M. (2001). Improving the quality of health care Who will lead? Health Affairs, 20(5), 1-6. Retrieved from Walden University Library website http//web. ebscohost. com. ezp. waldenlibrary. org. Jiang, H. (2010). Enhancing quality oversight.Healthcare administrator (3) 80-83. Retrieved from Walden University Library website http//web. ebscohost. com. ezp. waldenlibrary. org. Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2009). The context of healthcare delivery. Baltimore Author. Madhok, R. ( 2002). Crossing the quality chasm lessons from health care quality improvement efforts in England. PubmedCentral Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. Retrieved on February 6, 2011 from http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1276338/ NCC MERP. National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention. (2002). Retrieved on February 2, 2011 from http//www. nccmerp. rg/council/council2002-06-11. htm Quality initiatives in healthcare management, (2004, March). Healthcare Management. Retrieved on February 4, 2011 from http//www. expresshealthcaremgmt. com/20040331/qualitymana gement01. shtml Redman, R. (2008). Experience and expertise how do they relate to quality and safety? Research and Theory for Nursing practice An International Journal, 22 (4), 222-224. Retrieved from Walden University Library website http//web. ebscohost. com. ezp. waldenlibrary. org. Sultz, H. A. , & Young, K. M. (2011). Health care USA reasonableness its organization and delivery (7th ed. ). Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Dbq for U.S History

AP U. S History DBQ During the early 1700s, twain sweet England and Chesapeake regions were colonized largely by the people of the English origin. The settlers of the devil colonies were foreigners to the land who open two exceptional, but contrary societies due to the diversity of English citizens. Although both colonies were from the same English background they developed unalike distinctions from their political standards, religion, and cordial life. With the offer of Virginia Company of London to prompt settlework forcet in the unfermented World, profit filled Englishmen couldnt refuse the proposal.There was a bargain of the gilten lands and a new passage route through the States to the West Indies. Arriving to the Chesapeake Bay, they were soon attacked by the Indians. After having to settle on jam River, Virginia Company was forced to make a mosquito infested unhealthy region their home. In England, king Henry VIII broke ties with the Rome Catholic Church, pick out h imself head of Church of England. The people of the English origin came to England to refine the gold and load the gold. They were trying to make a better living for themselves. level off though governor John Winthrop, who was part of New England settlement, and William Berkley of Chesapeake colony had diametric opinions on the upcoming of the community, god being the center of the New England colony ( Document A), the pilgrims believed in working in concert as one for the gloriole of matinee idol as oppose to the Chesapeake colony who believed that the Chesapeake colony should fellowship together and their unity should be abided by one spirit of peace because everyone is a worthy servant of Christ.Its almost like a spawn and his children a father is stricter on his daughter than his son. On the other hand, Governor Berkley viewed things differently. He believed that the people duty was to defend their country. Jonathan Edwards who ignited the Great awaken believed in salvati on and affirmed the need for dependence on Gods grace. Both governors trying to achieve the best for their colonies helped with the growth of the two separate colonies.New England ranged from children to teenagers to middle men. (Document B) Immigrants who were stationed to be in New England colonies were families that contained a variety of ages. New England was united with the family lifestyle. Meanwhile those who came to Virginia (Chesapeake) colony were mostly men who ranged from the ages of 14 to 51. (Document C) The men to women ratio consisted of about 6 to 1 cover how family life wasnt as important.Disease settlements came through the Chesapeake colony create low reproduction rates due to the scarcity of women. The men struggled to bit for women with it being 90% of men and 10% of women. In conclusion the New England and Chesapeake colonies both settled by the English and became entirely two different societies. Although they had similarities of the English background the y developed different distinctions from their political standards, religion, and social life.

Gentrification in a Global Context

April 3, 2013 ENG11 Professor Jonathan Katz Student Darina Markyanova Draft1. Essay 3 Gentrification. Gentrification is believed to concord occurred as early as the 1870s in Europe, and later on its spreads issue in North America and Australia. However, it was first observed in 1964 in Camden Town, North London by Ruth Glass. She is found an unquestionable term and clearly describe its definition. Gentrification is a re refreshedal of an urban domain, come with by displacement of poorer residence by more affluent ones (Williams 547).As cognise gentrification its a process that has been marred by a freshet of controversy, but I believe its gull a positivistic influence on any neighborhood and its community. However, some would disagree with that, because gentrification too has a negative influence on previous residents, who usually becomes a victim of displacement. Consequently, gentrification has cardinal sides it could be positive and negative. Maria Marquez, 37, has slep t on the sofa for past 12 age to give her m separate and son two bedrooms in their apartment in Chicagos gentrifying Logan Square area.But eventually, she says, were gonna bug out kicked out. Its a matter of time. (Hampson 1). Displacement of kickofflyer folk residents appear through process of gentrification. It happens when urban developers transform low income neighborhoods into impertinently and upscale communities. This is vector sum in the exorcism of the poor from their affordable housing as these urban developers target to replace them with wealthier tenants. Often these aged, broken buildings that requires sevenfold repairs and renovations quickly been replaced by luxury homes as loft apartments and condominiums.In the fact that more or less of the original low income tenants stubnot afford to live and pay for the new houses, so they are forced to move into lower social communities. As low class social residents move out, businesses that served them also forc ed to either give out to richer companies that can serve the new wealthier tenants or to completely finishing down. 99-cent stores bodegas are gone. Theres large delis now inexpensive beer you cant even buy that in the stores. The stores have imported beers from Germany feta stop instead of sharp Cheddar cheese.Thats a whole other world. These tremendous changes forces some people to leave theirs gentrified neighborhood and look for new home else where. On the other hand those new upscale communities graceful a safer and cleaner place to live due to garbage alternative ups, intensive natural law enforcements necessary presence of door mans and well kept up(p) properties by handy man. The gang bangers are not around as much, and you dont see the prostitutes on the corners like used to (Hampson 4). This is shows that prime(a) of life tremendously had changed and improved.However, even though the idea of gentrification might have some good for the development of urban poor ar eas, it comes with its pitfalls which include mishap of that crime will go up. For example, many poor and young individuals in more populated environments with rich residents will be urging to get involved in social vices overrides and commitments of crimes. Finally the frustration that follows on the eviction of the previous tenants usually results in confrontation between new tenants and the old tenants who see the new ones as the root to all their problems.As a result rich residents become to considering the people in the ghettos as potential criminals. in the meantime previous residents is feeling neglect by the central government, because over the years ghetto have been enforced and put under intense surveillance of low flying helicopters and 24 hours police ground patrols. This has guide to restrictions and curfews on residents on the ghettos. The fact that heavy police presence around ghettos has aggravated the already soar relations between ghetto and the more affluent te nants.As prove to this the police are now here to protect them and not us (Lee 2). This is having led to complete segregation of these two sets of population. The rich are unable to go ghettos out of fear of being harmed while the ghetto cannot go into rich neighborhoods out of fear of arrests by law enforcing officers who have been placed in these locations to proceed any accidents that could happen to the rich. Today gentrification has been identified in almost every(prenominal) industrial country.It happens everywhere and the truth is if community is close by to the area that under development, eventually it will get gentrified in the countless time. similarly changes that affiliated with gentrification usually positive, for all of that, as I stated preceding(prenominal) countless number of evidences and factors why gentrification is so superior and so unspoilt for any community that develops and grows. Though this is may be controversy as usually poor residents get lost a nd divided into two foeman cultural and social levels in their area, where they were lived and grow up.

Internal Sanctions

One of John Stewart ploddings focuses in his book Utilitarianism, is that utilitarianism has all the sanctions of other moral systems. Events or excuses that people accept as permission to continue with a choice. These sanctions infer from a wide spectrum of different approvals, usually built upon moral preference. lounge is able to categorize every human license into exist inherent and external sanctions, and believes that it is possible to change your moral selection.External sanctions exist outside of the individual, fencesitter of his mind. They may take the form of peer pressure, the disquietude of disapproval, or the fear of god. Internal sanctions stem from ones conscience. These consist of feelings like excitation or joy when one realizes the consequences of a decision. These feelings can influence actions, oddly if ones moral nature is particularly sophisticated. Internal sanctions oft prove to be much powerful than any external sanctions because they do require mo re emotional attention.Because these forces ar often based on individual morals and duty, there is no reason that they cant be changed to support utilitarian principles. Some philosophers allude that individuals are more likely to follow moral principles if the see them as object fact, sooner than subjective feelings. pulverization observes that regardless of what a person believes the root of a moral principle to be, his ultimate motivation is always subjective feeling. Mill focuses on if the feeling of duty is innate or implanted, aboutly because this sector is so confusing.To try and understand how both of these sanctions would affect choice, it could be explained as follows If a religious leader, government professional or respected philosopher was to suggest to society that all our current morals were wrong and it was the purpose of adult male to promote suffering among men, would society be able to change? lot must be capable of inheringizing this extraneous command, and convince their conscience that it is virtuously acceptable. But could a person force his mind to accept much(prenominal) a drastic and dramatic change?Mill would way that is most definitely possible, especially for this example. People could easily be educated and socialize and develop the internal sanctions to promote suffering, but they would be artificial feelings. Since these emotions are not particularly a part of human nature or experience, the society would end up reacting more on external sanctions, with internal reactions. Sanctions are something we constantly unconsciously use to make decisions. Whether it is outside or inside forces that compel us to make a decision, our morals are the mold.

Macroeconomics – institutions by Acemoglu

In Progress. Abstract In this paper, we dispute how and wherefore cosmoss broadly, the frugal and governmental organization of societies run into frugal incentives and forthcomes. After shortly surveying a number of theories of institutional differences crosswise countries, we focus on two questions why societies whitethorn convey institutions that atomic number 18 non honest for economic evolution, and why institutions, level(p) bad Institutions, persist.In light of the Ideas we develop, we discuss iii case studies of Institutions alluding and persistence the united States, India and Guatemala. L. Introduction Institutions, defined broadly as the semipolitical and economic organization of societies, differ markedly across countries and all over time. For example, until recently, a adult number of societies were organized along kindist lines, with far-flung collective avouchership of the means of production and centrally planned imaging allocation, while much of the detain of the world was capitalist, with predominantly underground ownership and resources allocated Vela markets.For much of the 1 8th and 9th centuries, a number of societies, Including the Caribbean, much of important and Latin the States, and parts of Asia, were organized with political and economic exerciseer gruelling in the hands of a atomic elite, and relied on productive relationships base on sla really and magnated cranch. In contrast, economic and political power was to a greater extent than equally distri just nowed in parts of Europe, North America and Australia, and the absolute majority of laborers were free.Similarly, as emphasized by North and Thomas (1973), North and Whiniest (1989) and cashbox (1 990), there were Important differences In the organization of the European societies during the 17th coke. spell England and the Netherlands had unquestionable unsexed governments, France and Spain had absolutist regimes.Economic surmise and basi c common instinct suggest that differences in the organization of nightspot should subscribe to an effect on economic outcomes when institutions check up on that a potential investor has position rights over the yield from his Investments, he Is more likely to invest than when he turn outs the fruits of his efforts to be interpreted by early(a) parties In the economy or by the government. An obvious dead reckoning is then to link variations in economic execution across countries to their institutions. We refer to this blame of ruling as the institutions hypothesis.According to one version of this hypothesis, what is polar is whether the organization of the society ensures that a broad cross-section of the society produce in effect(p) stead rights, so that those with productive emphasis on a broad cross-section of the society is meant to capture the nonion that it is non sufficient for the rights of a small elite, landowners, dictators or Politburo members, to be e nforced. Citizens motivating to encounter effective plaza rights, and be involved in politics, at least around degree, to ensure the continuation of these repertory rights in the future.Do we see marked differences in the economic performance of societies with several(predicate) institutions? The examples mentioned in the first off paragraph suggest so while West Ger many an(prenominal) prospered with a capitalist ashes, East Germany did much little good under brotherlyism. While Western Europe, North America and Australia grew quickly, the elite-dominated societies of the Caribbean, telephone exchange America and India stagnated doneout the 18th and 19th centuries. As emphasized by North and Thomas (1973), while England and the Netherlands prospered during the 17th century, Spain and France failed to do so.Also telling atomic number 18 cases where coarse changes in institutions be correlated with radically changed growth paths. Examples of this atomic number 18 Arg entina in the sasss with the rise of populism and Person, South Korea during the early sasss with the handing over from the rhea to the Park regime, and Indonesia in 1965 with the transition betwixt Saguaro and Short. In rundown to these selective examples, much empirical evidence suggests that institutional differences be a major source of the differences in economic performance across countries.For example, cross country work by a number of economists and political scientists found a first-order effect of institutions on growth or the level of income (e. G. , Knack and Keeper, 1995, or Hall and Jones, 1999). More recently, in Guacamole, Johnson and Robinson (2000) we found that as much as % of the income gap between the top and bottom of the world income distri yetion may be due to differences in their institutions. 4 But these findings pose as many questions as they answer 1 . If many institutions generate more income and growth, why do a large number of societies adopt institutions that argon bad for economic development? . Why do institutions that are poisonous to economic performance persist rather than being overhauled at the first opportunity? Despite the importance of these questions for understanding differences in economic performance across countries, there is proportional degreely little research on this topic. In this paper, we develop a number of conjectures related to these questions. Then, in light of these ideas, we discuss triple case studies of institution building and persistence the U. S. , India and Guatemala.In the process, we to a fault nominate a brief survey of a number of theories of comparative degree institutions. II. Institutions As emphasized in the introduction, our focus is on the prepare of institutions the organization of society that model economic incentives. Why such(prenominal) institutions and social arrangements go forth demand economic outcomes is clear economic actors provide only vouch enthroni zations when they yield to be rewarded for their spending and effort. In a society where plaza rights are non well enforced, investing and output leave be low.We and so take the degree of enforcement of piazza rights to be a central disport of the institutions and the broad organization of a society. To of hush-hush property, which we take to correspond to a crash of institutions ensuring that a broad cross-section of society have effective property rights. 2. Extractive institutions, which place political power in the hands of a small elite. With extractive institutions, the majority of the population does not have effective property rights, since the political power of the elite means that they trick hold up the citizens after they undertake their enthronements.We expect institutions of private property to encour advance investment and development, while extractive institutions are less likely to dead to eminent investment and successful economic outcomes. Notice that there is more to institutions than the legal law or the formal definition of property rights at a organize in time in particular, political institutions matter. This is for the simple reason that in a society where there are few constraints on political elites, these agents clear change the legal code or manipulate the exist property rights to their advantage. therefore, effective constraints on political elites are an essential agent of institutions of private property. In reality, there are many intermediate cases teens the extremes of institutions of private property and extractive institutions, and a complex interaction between the exact form of the political and economic institutions and whether they provide effective property rights protection to citizens. There is too a deep and difficult question of how the state set ups to providing property rights to the citizens (see Whiniest, 1997, for a discussion of this problem).To limit the discussion, we do not focus on the se issues. So what determines whether a society ends up with institutions of private property or extractive institutions? Let us distinguish four broad theories, which we call 1. The efficacious institutions view. 2. The incidental institutions view. 3. The rent- pursuance view. 4. The in suppress institutions view. We now discuss what we mean by these opposite views, and examine some selective examples of institutional theories falling within to each one category. . The Efficient Institutions look According to this view, societies leave alone choose the institutions that maximize their natural surplus. How this surplus will be distributed among divergent companys or agents does not affect the choice of institutions. The underlying reasoning of this view comes from the Cease Theorem. Ronald Cease (1960) argued that when different economic parties could conduct costless, they will be able to sight to internalize potential externalities.The farmer, who suffers from the pol lution created by the nearby pulverisation, can pay the positionory owner to reduce pollution. The same reasoning can be utilise to political situations. If the current laws or institutions eudaimonia a sure group while creating a disproportionate cost for another, these two groups can negotiate to change the institutions. By doing so they will emergence the size of the complete surplus (the pie that they have to divide between themselves), and they can hen bargain over the distribution of this additional surplus.Many different versions of the in force(p) institutions view have been stick outd. Demesne (1967) argued that private property emerged from common property when land extend sufficiently scarce and valuable that it was effectual to privative it. Other famous examples are Cases (1936) earlier work and the more formal analysis by Grossman and hart (1986), is more c erstrned with the governance of firms or markets than the political organization of societies, but hi s reasoning was guided by the same principle.North ND Thomas utilise this reasoning to the spirit of feudal institutions arguing that they were an efficient contract between serfs and Lords. While Williamson and North and Thomas do not specify how different parties will reach agreement to achieve efficient institutions, Becker (1960) and Whitman (1989) have investigated how democracies can reach such agreements via competition among pressure groups and political parties.In their view, an inefficient institution cannot be stable because a political entrepreneur has an incentive to propose a better institution and with the extra surplus generated will be able to make him more attractive to voters. We believe that, despite right on emphasizing certain forces that are likely to be at work, the efficient institutions view does not provide the right framework for an analysis of the differences in institutions across countries. Both historical and econometric evidence suggests that the economic be to societies of extractive institutions have been substantial.For example, our estimates in Guacamole, Johnson and Robinson (2000) suggest that changing Insignias or Sierra Lenss institutions to those of chilli loud lead, in the long run, to a more than 7-fold increase in these countries income. It is difficult to argue that these institutions are therefore efficient for Nigeria, Sierra Leone or many other less-developed countries in Africa or Latin America. In the rest of the paper, we therefore focus on theories of institutions where societies may end up with institutions that are not optimal for aggregate growth or income. 2.The Incidental Institutions assimilate The efficient institutions view is explicitly based on economic reasoning the costs and benefits of different institutions are weighed over against each other to determine which institutions should prevail. power arises because individuals calculate according to the social costs and benefits. Institutions are therefore choices. A different approach, popular among many political scientists and sociologists, is to downplay choices over institutions, but think of institutions as the byproduct of other social interactions. Here, we discuss three such theories.The first is the possibleness developed by Barrington Moore (1966) in his well-disposed Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, the second is Tills (1990) and Herbs (2001) possibility of state makeup, hill the third is Burners (1976) theory of the emergence of capitalist economy in England. Barrington Moore constructed his famous theory in an tone-beginning to explain the different paths of political development in Britain, Germany and Russia. In particular, he investigated why Britain had evolved into a democracy, while Germany succumbed to fascism and Russia had a communist revolution.Moore stressed the goal of centralization of floriculture and resulting labor relations in the countryside, the strength of the bourgeoisie, a nd the nature of class concretions. In his theory, democracy emerged when there was a strong, politically assertive, patriarchal middle class, and when agriculture had commercialese so that there were no feudal labor relations in the countryside. Fascism arose when the middle classes were weak and set downed into a political coalition with landowners.Finally, a agriculture was not commercialese and rural labor was repressed through feudal relationships. In Moors theory, therefore, class coalitions and the way agriculture is organized determine which political institutions will emerge. Although Moore is not explicitly concerned with economic development, it is a direct implication of his analysis that societies may end up with institutions that do not maximize income or growth, for example, when they take the communist revolution path.While this theory is highly suggestive and clearly captures some of the potentially significant comparative facts there are clear problems with it. For instance, though Moors remark no bourgeoisie, no democracy is famous, it is not clear from his analysis whether this is Just an empirical correlation or a causal theory. More generally, Moore does not clarify the connection between the formation of class coalitions and political outcomes. It is also not clear whether this theory is empirically successful.There are many examples of societies with sex actly strong capitalist classes in Latin America, such as Argentina and Chile, which did not make the transition to a consolidated democracy until recently. In fact, in these societies capitalist classes advance to have supported the coups against democracy, suggesting that the role of the poor segments of the society (the working class) in inducing demagnification could be more important than that of the bourgeoisie (see Archduchesses, Stephens and Stephens, 1992, Guacamole and Robinson, Bibb).In a very different vein, Till (1990), building on the Hibernia tradition, proposed a th eory of the formation of advanced states. He argued extensively that modern state institutions such as fiscal systems, bureaucracy and parliaments are closely related to the contain to deepen resources to fight wars and thus arose in places with incessant inter-state competition. Herbs (2001) has recently provided a all important(p) extension of this line of research by applying it to the evolution of state institutions in Africa.He argues that the poor functioning of many modern African states is due to the fact that they caked the featureshigh population density and inter-state warfare requirement for the emergence of the modern state. Although bear oning and sweeping, this theory does not seem to accord well with a number of major facts. In Guacamole, Johnson and Robinson (2001 a), we documented that among the former colonies, it was the less thick settled places that became richer.In fact, North America, Australia and New Zealand were very sparsely settled in 1 500, espec ially when compared to West Africa around the same time. Despite this, they developed effective states and institutions of private property. This suggests that the issues stressed by Till and Herbs are not the major determinants of institutions, at least, in the linguistic context of the development of institutions among the former European colonies, including Africa. Burners (1976) theory of the rise of capitalist economy in Europe can also be thought as an example of the incidental institutions view.Although Brenner subscribes to the Marxist view of feudalism as an extractive institution (see next subsection), he interprets the rise of capitalism as the byproduct of the collapse of existent social institutions after the disastrous Death. Brenner argues that the decline of feudalism resulted from the successful class struggle by the relatively correctly British peasantry. Brenner, however, believes that the peasantrys aim was not to build capitalism capitalism just emerged like a n incidental phoenix from the ashes of feudalism.Because, economic growth undeniable this set of (extractive) institutions to be replaced by capitalist institutions. Therefore, Burners work also gives us an incidental- institutions theory for why some societies grow faster. None of these theories provide a framework that is at the same time consistent tit the first-order facts of comparative development and multipurpose for generating predictions. Therefore, it is difficult to apply these theories to understand why some countries develop extractive institutions.Moreover, being trained as economists, we find it to be a shortcoming of this group of theories that institutions and political outcomes arise as byproducts, not as the direct consequences of actions taken by rational agents. The fact that the key outcomes are byproducts of other interactions, not choices, leads to the additional problem that these theories often do not generate tight empirical predictions (I. E. Comparativ e placid). But an analysis of comparative development, above all else, strikes comparative static results regarding when institutions of private property will emerge.In the remainder of the paper, we therefore focus on the rent-seeking and in detach institutions views to build a simple framework for comparative development. 3. The Rent-seeking View According to this view, institutions are not always chosen by the whole society (and not for the benefit of the whole society), but by the groups that control political power at the time (perhaps as a result of conflict with other groups demanding more rights). These groups will choose the institutions that maximize their own rents, and the institutions that result may not coincide with those that maximize total surplus.For example, institutions that enforce property rights by limit state predation will not be in the interest of a pattern who wants to appropriate assets in the future. By establishing property rights, this ruler would be reducing his own future rents, so may well prefer extractive institutions to institutions of private property. Therefore, equilibrium institutions will not be those that maximize the size of the overall pie, but the slice of the pie taken by the strong groups. Why doesnt a Cease theorem type reasoning apply?Although a large literature, especially in industrial organization, has emphasized how informational problems may limit the empirical applications of the Cease theorem, we believe that the main reason for the non-applicability of the Cease theorem in politics is perpetration problems (see Guacamole, 2001, for a more detailed discussion of this issue). If a ruler has political power concentrated in his hands, he cannot commit not to expropriate assets or r make upues in the future. Effective property rights require that he credibly relinquishes political power to some extent.But according to the crossroads bargain, he has to be compensated for what he could have received em ploy this power. Herein lies the problem. When he relinquishes his power, then he has no guarantees that he will receive the promised payments in the future. Therefore, by their very nature, institutions that regulate political and social power create commitment problems, and prevent Occasion bargains that are necessary to reach efficient outcomes. As an application, consider the decision of a flop rich elite to mount a coup in a populist redistributive regime, such as that of Salvador Allendale in Chile in 1973.By labour a coup, the rich will ensure that economically. Why wouldnt the elite enter into a Occasion bargain with Allendale who would wish to place future restrictions on taxes so as to remove the threat of the coup? The problem, as evidenceed out and crumbled in Guacamole and Robinson (2001 a), is that the democracy cannot promise not to increase taxes again once the threat of the coup disappears. By its very nature, taxes are set by the politically virile agents, det ermined by the institutions at that time.Promises do at the past may be worthless when they are not natural coveringed by political power. The first systematic development of this point of view is the economics literature is North (1981), who argued in the chapter on A Neoclassical Theory of the State that agents who controlled the state should be modeled as self-interested. He then argued that the set of property rights which they would choose for society would be those that maximized their payoff and because of transactions costs these would not necessarily be the set which maximized social welfare.Though his analysis does not clarify what he meant by transactions costs, problems of commitment might be one mispronunciation for this. The notion that elites may opt for extractive institutions to increase their incomes is of course also present in much of the Marxist and dependence theory literature. For example, Dobb (1948), Brenner (1976) and Hilton (1981) saw feudalism, contrary to North and Thomas (1976)gs model, as a set of institutions intentional to extract rents from the peasants at the expense of social welfare.Dependency theorists such as Wholesalers (1974-1982), Rodney (1972), Frank (1978) and Cards and Falsetto (1979) argued that the international trading system was knowing to extract rents from developing countries to the benefit of developed Mounties. Perhaps, the earliest, and often ignored, ploughshare to this line of reasoning is in the book by Beard (1913). Anticipating many of the insights of rational choice political science literature, Beard argued that the U. S.Constitution was an institution designed to benefit those who wrote it (such as James Madison) at the expense of the rest of society. some other important example of inefficient institutions designed to extract rents from the society is the Spanish colonial system (Stein and Stein, 1970, Coauthors, 1978, Lockhart and Schwartz, 1983). Finally, the notion that leaver is an ineff icient institution designed to extract rents from slaves is also widespread (for example, Williams, 1944, Geneses, 1963, Beckoned, 1972).More recent, and for our purposes more relevant, contributions in this tradition have sought to explain comparative development. For example, in the context of Africa, Bates (1981) formulated an important and important theory based on rent-seeking by elites. Bates argued that when elites were not invested in the productive sectors of the economy, mostly agriculture in the context of Africa, and had to rely on urban interests to remain in power, they were likely to distort prices, for example by using marketing boards to transfer resources from the rural areas to the cities.The implications of this for political stability and economic growth were disastrous. Anger and Soulful (1997, 2000) have used related ideas to analyze long-term development in the Americas. They argued that the different paths of development observed in North and Latin America in the last 300 days were due to institutional differences. In North America institutions promoted development, in Latin America they did not. Why did Latin America develop a set of institutions that impeded Caribbean, the factor endowments were adapted for growing crops such as sugarcane.Such crops had large technical scale economies and could be cultivated by slaves, factors that led to large concentrations of landownership and repressive institutions designed to control labor. Therefore, despite their costs for economic development, extractive institutions were follow by elites who benefited from the system. On the other hand, in North America, factor endowments were suitable for growing crops with limited scale economies such as wheat, and this led to an classless distribution of land, income and political power.Their theory therefore emphasizes the impact of factor endowments and engineering on inequality and institutions building, and ultimately economic development. In G uacamole, Johnson and Robinson (2000, 2001 a), we developed a complementary theory, emphasizing how European colonialists set up institutions of private property in areas where they settled in large numbers, since these institutions were directly affecting their own investments and well-being. This led us to emphasize how European resolving powers ere often conducive to the development of institutions of private property in the colonies.In contrast, European colonists introduced or took over existing extractive institutions in other colonies. They were more likely to do so when they did not settle, for example due to an adverse disease environment, and when extractive institutions were more lucrative, for example, as in Central America where the densely settled large population could be forced to work for low wages in plantations or mines. These extractive institutions did not benefit the society as a whole, but they were inefficacy for the Europeans, who held the political power and were the extractors.We believe that the rent-seeking view provides the best framework for thinking roughly why certain countries ended up with extractive institutions, and provides a number of useful comparative static, which will be discussed in office Ill. 4. The Inappropriate Institutions View According to this view, institutions may be efficient when they are introduced, but they are also dear(p) to change (see below on this). Therefore, institutions that are efficient for a set of circumstances may no longer be efficient once the environment hinges. Nevertheless, it may be difficult or too dearly-won to change these institutions at this point.The idea here goes back to Crosschecking (1963). In the context of financial institutions, Crosschecking argued that certain arrangements, such as bank building finance, might be more appropriate for backward countries trying to mates up. This is widely thought to be a good bill for why banks are more prevalent in Germany, even today when Germany is no longer a backward country. So perhaps, social arrangements that were introduced at some point as an optimal response to the resistances may continue to prevail, even after they cease to be the optimal response.In the context of financial institutions, this point is developed in Guacamole, Action and Kilobit (2001). Another economic example is the QWERTY typewriter keyboard. David (1986) argued that this was appropriate at the time because it slowed down the speed of typing, when the rudimentary nature of typewriters meant that rapid typing would make them Jam. However, despite the fact that the QWERTY arrangement was inefficient once the basic technology improved soon after, it has similar thesis.Perhaps, extractive institutions were appropriate for certain resistances, but they continue to apply even after they cease to be the efficient institutional arrangement. Related ideas have been suggested in the literature. For example, Wittingly (1957) argued that change despotism, which may not have been very costly in name of economic outcomes in China before the 1 5th century and arose as the result of providing desirable public goods such as irrigation, persisted close to the present, creating a substantial economic and social burden.Given how long institutions persist (see Section V) the view that institutions of a different age ay continue to apply even when they become costly to economic success is highly plausible. Nevertheless, in the context of comparative development, it appears more useful to combine the inappropriate institutions view with the rent-seeking view, explicitly allowing for political elites to introduce inefficient institutions. In fact, in Guacamole, Johnson and Robinson (2001 a), we suggested a hypothesis combining the rent-seeking and inappropriate institutions views, and provided evidence in favor of this hypothesis.We argued and empirically demo that extractive institutions, tit power concentrated in the hand of a small elite, were much less costly during the age of agriculture than during the age of industry. When agriculture is the main source of income, and the political elite owns the land, this elite will have, to a first approximation, adequate incentives to increase the productivity of the land. In contrast, in the age of industry, many different agents, not previously part of the ruling elite, need to undertake investments and be involved in productive activities.Without effective property rights, these agents are unlikely to invest, so extractive institutions become much more costly once industrialization opportunities arrive on the scene. This explains why the sugar colonies of Barbados, Haiti and Jamaica were amongst the richest places in the world in 1700 but rapidly fell behind when industrial technologies became available. Overall, we therefore conclude that to understand the significant differences in how countries are organized, we need to move away from the pure efficie ncy view.Moreover, existing series of institutional differences based on the incidental institutions view cannot provide a satisfactory tarring point, and make less sharp empirical predictions, since institutions are only when byproducts of other social actions. Instead, we believe that conflict over the distribution of rents matters, and the rent seeking view provides the best starting place for an analysis of institutional differences across countries.In addition, there may be an important element of the inappropriate institutions view, so that institutions that were introduced at a certain point in time may become less appropriate and more harmful in the future, but may still remain in place. Ill. Institutional Origins The rent-seeking and inappropriate institutions views do not immediately generate a theory of comparative institutions. They simply point out that inefficient institutions may be chosen by political elites, and the institutions in place may become more costly for growth over time.As discussed above, by the institutions hypothesis, we mean that differences in the development experiences of countries can be explained by differences in their institutions. To make this hypothesis operational, we need to choose institutions of private property. In other words, we need to develop comparative static on institution building. This is not an easy task. In fact, some of the pioneering theories of institutions, such as North (1981), give us few clues about when we should expect extractive institutions to prevail.Here, we highlight a few potential determinants of what type of institutions politically powerful groups will choose 1. Economic Interests A first determinant of whether institutions of private property will emerge is whether they will lead to outcomes that are in interests of the politically powerful agents. For example, institutions that restrict state predation will not be in the interest of a ruler ho wants to appropriate assets in the futur e.Yet this strategy may be in the interest of a ruler who recognizes that only such guarantees will encourage citizens to undertake substantial investments or lend him money, or will protect his own rents. They will also be in the interest of the major groups that can undertake investment in production activities in the future. Anger and Solidify explanation for why extractive institutions emerged in the Caribbean but not in North America falls within this category. In the Caribbean, the factor endowments made extractive institutions more profitable for the elite.In particular, sugar production, which could exploit economies of scale and profitably employ slave labor, was conducive to a society where a small elite would control some(prenominal) political and economic power. Our argument in Guacamole, Johnson and Robinson (2000) for why European settlement in the colonies led to institutions of private property is also based on the same reasoning. When a large number of Europeans se ttled in an area, they like institutions enforcing property rights, since these property rights would enable them to undertake investments.Our argument in Guacamole Johnson and Robinson (2001 a) is also related. There, we suggested that high population density and relative prosperity (I. E. , GAP per capita) of the colonise territory encouraged European colonialists to set up extractive institutions. The reasoning is that high population density implied a large labor force that Europeans could force to work for low wages, and both high population density and the relative prosperity of the population provided Europeans with a greater resource base for origin or taxation. Economic interests therefore suggest that we should expect extractive institutions to develop when the powerful agents have little to gain from enforcing property sights because they have few investment opportunities themselves and are not linked to other productive agents in the society, and when there are resourc es, such as crops or abundant labor, that can be effectively exploited by extractive 2.Political Losers Another important factor is whether institutional development will destabilize the system, making it less likely that elites will remain in power after reforms. An institutional setup supporting investment and adoption of new technologies may be blocked by elites when they fear that this process of growth and social change will