Business Etiquette in Kenya free essay sample

Business Etiquette in Kenya X Tamiya King Tamiya King has been writing for over a decade, particularly in the areas of poetry and short stories. She also has extensive experience writing SEO and alternative health articles, and has written published interviews and other pieces for the Atlanta Tribune and Jolt Marketing. She possesses a Bachelor of Arts in English and is currently pursuing higher education to become a creative writing professor. Kenya is known for its rich agricultural economy, and particularly for its sales of premium coffee to countries all around the world. As a professional, its important to be aware of Kenyan business etiquette, to secure business deals and establish positive relationships. 1. Professional Greetings * The handshake is the professional greeting for businesspeople in Kenya. When meeting someone for the first time, a short handshake is customary; longer handshakes are given between colleagues who have formed a relationship. It is proper etiquette to lower your eyes when shaking hands with someone whose professional rank is higher or is older. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Etiquette in Kenya or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Kenya, professional men should not shake hands with a women unless she extends her hand first. Business Cards And Titles * There is no formal method for exchanging business cards in Kenya; this can be done before or after the meeting. However, it is acceptable etiquette to accept and give business cards with both hands. Because Kenyan professionals speak English, it is also not necessary to translate one side of the business card into Swahili, the other official language of Kenya. When addressing someone in the business meeting, it is important to use the individuals title or honorific and surname. It is inappropriate to address a professional by his first name unless invited to do so. Punctuality And Meeting Agenda * When doing business in the urban areas of Kenya, professionals are expected to show up on time. If a businessperson is going to be late for any reason, it is acceptable etiquette to call the receptionist at the meeting location. In the villages of the country, it is common for individuals to be significantly late, but international professionals should still strive to be on time. Small talk is unavoidable, and may take up a significant part of the meeting; businesspeople from other countries should engage in casual conversation willingly, so as not to seem rude. The eldest person in the room is often designated as the meetings chairperson, and will begin and end the meeting. Negotiations * During negotiations at a Kenyan business meeting, it is important to remain pleasant, and to refrain from harsh or disapproving language. Negotiations can take awhile in some cases, but displaying aggression will cause international colleagues to be viewed negatively by Kenyans. Bargaining is often a part of negotiations, so all professionals should expect to participate actively in this process. Kenyans will usually offer a higher price to those who are from other countries. When the final price is reached, Kenyans will forget about any disagreements that took place during the negotiation process. Giving Gifts * It is important for professionals from other countries not to present Kenyan businesspeople with gifts that are very expensive, as this can be seen as bribery. Gifts that contain the company logo of the international colleague are welcomed. It is also acceptable to give a gift to a colleague who has just returned from a vacation or business trip to another country; giving token gifts from the country the professional has just visited is in keeping with proper etiquette. * Meeting Management Tipswww. itbusinessedge. com/meetingtips Free Slideshow Offers 10 Tips to Running More Effective Meeting Read more: Business Etiquette in Kenya | eHow. com http://www. ehow. com/about_6506511_business-etiquette-kenya. html#ixzz1RyLosTxd Western business practices prevail, and a formal handshake (using the right hand) is the standard greeting between men. It is customary to lower your gaze when greeting someone who is older or of a higher professional rank. Men should not shake hands with a woman unless she extends her hand first. Address Kenyans by their surname and title unless you are invited to use their first name. Suits are the expected attire for business meetings, though a shirt and tie will suffice in less formal situations. Kenyans are quite conservative and advance appointments are required for meetings and call ahead if you are likely to be late. Most businesspeople speak English and it is customary to exchange business cards. Small talk is normal and it may take some time to get to the point of a meeting. The eldest person in the room is often designated as chairperson. When negotiating a price, some haggling is expected, but angry exchanges are to be avoided. If exchanging gifts, do not choose items with a high value as this may be seen as an attempted bribe. Businesses and government offices in Kenya are open Monday to Friday from 0900-1300 and 1400-1700. Some offices also are open on Saturdays from 0815 to noon. Office hours: Mon-Fri 0900-1300 and 1400-1700. Economy: The Kenyan economy is largely agricultural and its biggest exports in this sector are tea, coffee and horticultural products like flowers and vegetables destined for European supermarkets. Kenya is also one of the few African countries with a significant dairy industry. The manufacturing sector produces cement, paper, textiles, rubber and metal products amongst other goods. The post-election crisis in early 2008, coupled with effects of the global recession, reduced Kenya’s GDP growth to 1. 7%, but since then, the economy has improved significantly and by the end of 2010, GDP growth was put at 4%. Unemployment is difficult to measure in Kenya, but was estimated as 40% in 2008. In the service sector, tourism is the largest industry and principal source of foreign exchange, which earns the country about US$7. 4 million per year. Visitor numbers in 2010 reached an all time high of just over 1 million. Main urban centres, such as Mombasa and Nairobi, and most international hotels have conference facilities. Nairobis Kenyatta International Conference Centre is the countrys largest facility. GDP: US$29. 4 billion (2010). Main exports:

Willamette Meterorite essays

Willamette Meterorite essays When a star falls from the sky, it leaves a fiery trail. It does not die. Its shade goes back to its own place to shine again. The Indians sometimes find the small stars where they have fallen in he grass(Kohnen). The Willamette Meteorite is an extremely rare scientific example. The meteorite is made of nickel iron, and it weighs over 15.5 tons. It is 3.1 meters long, 2.1 meters wide, and 1.3 meters tall. This meteorite is the largest to be found in the United States, and is the sixth largest in the world. Most meteorites are formless lumps, but the Willamette Meteorite has huge craters all over the surface The nickel iron rock is a very rare kind of meteorite and is part of a class that comprises of about 600 out of a total of 25,000 meteorites so far found on the Earth's surface(AMNH Cullman Hall). Around 4.5 billion of years ago, a planet that was orbiting the sun broke into millions of pieces. Part of these fragments was the Willamette Meteorite. This planet was composed of an iron-nickel core, and the planet breaking up and cooling is evident within the meteorites microscopic make-up. After spending a long time orbiting in space the Willamette meteorite was involved in two large impacts. These impacts caused the meteorite to be re-heated and recrystallized. One of these collisions was probably the cause of the Willamette Meteorite to fall to earth. The meteorites first Earthy journey took it from Idaho to the Willamette Valley in Oregon(Kohnen). Around 13,500, when the Cordilleran Ice Sheet formed it lifted the meteorite, and when it melted it caused a flood that carved out the Oregon countryside, and left the meteorite in the Willamette Valley. Not in space, but after the long- term exposure and weathering the large cavities were formed. This occurred from interaction of rainwater with iron sulfide deposits in the meteorite, producing weak sulfuric acid. The etching by this ac...

Writing on skin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing on skin - Essay Example One could inscribe on the desks, on our arms the names of the people we admired and loved. We wrote using ink. These traces have seemed like something unending but time and soap rubbed all those memories and changed our obsessions. Our skin at those moments became a book where we can write our desires, a perishable and fragile diary (Olivares, para1). When one does plastic surgery on their face to appear more attractive, the effort is just to rub out time and get rid of physical memory without realizing that it is a diverse stage that also will leave him/her with trace in his/her skin, devoid of eliminating everything and any incident. Just like the way we cannot stop thinking about our loved ones (Olivares, para3). Tattoos have unlike significance and meanings, marks and painting which are accessible in images tell us many stories and many other way of approaching any article. In early days, photography in its most documentary work type took upon itself to record people with tattoos. Tattoos have adopted anthropological drawings, work if indigenous people, record of journey as a documentary paintings as an element in their works (Olivares, para8). On the other hand, cinema and photography, largely, have taken them on board because they have concerned themselves much more in depth and often criminal sectors in the secretive, the yakuza, prostitution, delinquency and what is marginalized and adventure world of crime. Good examples of witting in our skins are the tattoos. Traditionally tattoos marked the social hierarchies and defined warrior categories. Rites of passage and festivals were distinguished with paintings. Today, tattoos have diversified into different formulae and they usually define those who wear them like a neon billboard on their foreheads. Tattoos have stopped being marks of the less fortunate, women fallen on difficult times, sailors and convicts (Olivares, para5). Adolescents from wealthy settings wear seductive tattoos on their hip,

Minimum wages and unemployment level Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Minimum wages and unemployment level - Essay Example in the amount of minimum wage brings about reduction in the employment levels evidently seen with employment elasticity ranging from -0.1 to -0.2 amongst the teenagers and from -0.15 to -0.2 for the youths (Charles, 2002, p 89). Employers in a firm are bounded with the minimum wage law which is meant to prevent the employers from paying their employees rate below the minimum wage. This law is widely used in the present day countries. In UK and the USA, this law was only applicable to the women and the children. The extended use of the law was influenced by the period of the great depression. If the objective of the minimum wage was to ensure that employed achieved a worthy standard of living, then some provisions had to be made for those who are retrenched (Flinn, 2010, p58-62). During the imposition of the minimum wage by the responsible bodies, firms within that jurisdiction would not be permitted to pay less than what the responsible body mandates, for any service that they have received. For instance, this is when the governing body passes legislation that is meant to raise the wage bill from its initial of $6.72 per hour to $8.0 per hour. In line with the above minimum wages, at $8.0, supply of the labour service was 70,000 hours, but only 50,000 hours was what was in demand by the firms. Within a market with voluntary trade, the decisions of firms to hire its employees cannot be influenced with an external body, reason being the quantity of labour needed is normally established through the desire of the firm to buy but not the desire of the workers to sell (Joshua, 1999, p 123). Through the above discussion there is an assumption that, increasing the amount of minimum wage in a country, the number of employed individual would increase. In addition, there is an emerging possibility that everyone would be able to get a job. However, the number of hours that they initially worked would be reduced. Putting this case into consideration, there would be rise in

American government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

American government - Essay Example United States is still recovering from the most recent economic recession which requires proper formulation and enactment of policies. The government targets a Gross Domestic Product increase of 2.5 per cent in 2014. This paper therefore targets to discuss various reforms and strategies the government can undertake to improve the current economic situation. The first strategic government intervention towards economic growth can be reform of the immigration sector. It is difficult for foreign entrepreneurs to stay in the country because the government has set very many conditions that restrict their entry. Bureaucracy in allowing entrepreneurs and skilled immigrants into the country is so complex to the extent that it is delaying economic recovery. Bureaucracy is costing the nation job opportunities hence reducing the country’s GDP and also harming the nation’s international leadership in entrepreneurship and innovation. The government should adjust its policies on granting green cards to promising entrepreneurs and skilled graduate students. Moreover, it needs to pass the Dream Act to allow law abiding people brought to the United States as children to become citizens. The second government intervention can be cutting costs incurred in healthcare. In the recent years the government’s expenditure on health has risen with a very big margin. The country cannot afford to ignore this trend anymore. If this system persists, a large proportion of the countries income will be deviated to medical care which may not sustainable and will creates a burden on the future generations. The government should initiate a vigorous campaign for healthy lifestyle; develop new ways to manufacture drugs at a lower cost and a technology that can reduce expense on doctors and other medical personnel. This can be achieved through technological advancement and financing research

The Philosophy of Religion

The Philosophy of Religion INTRODUCTION Philosophy refers to the study of the meaning of existence, thought, and knowledge (Blackburn, 1996). One prevailing view amongst philosophers is that philosophy is essentially a method of enquiry, a means of understanding the world, and human nature. Within this domain emerged a philosophy of science, a view that the world can be understood through quantification and experimentation, characterised by rigour, control, objectivity, and replication (Krige Dominique, 2003). It has evolved over time, shifting away from an emphasis on theory falsification (scientific realism) towards a requirement for explanation and prediction. Fundamental to science is positivist philosophy, the idea that only phenomena which can be measured and quantified are worthy of scientific inquiry (LeGouis, 1997). Thus, phenomena such a God, spirits, and the ‘afterlife’ aren’t worth studying. Religion refers to a set of commonly held beliefs and customs, concerned with supernatural phenomena , notably the existence of a divinity, god, or higher ‘power’ or ‘entity’ (Lindbeck, 1984; Jones, 2005). It represents a particular world view characterised by faith, spirituality, holiness, doctrine, and reverence, and often shapes a persons entire life, reasoning, and culture. Thus, it generally follows from this that science, and its associated philosophies, are generally incompatible with religion. But what are the precise sources of this tension? SOURCES OF TENSION Origin of Life Where did life come from? Evolutionary theorists, notably Charles Darwin, argued that species evolve over millennia through a process of ‘natural selection’, whereby only the fittest are able to secure mates, reproduce, and hence ensure the survival of their particular genetic footprint: the weak, by contrast are unable to compete, and ultimately become extinct, in a kind of evolutionary ‘dead-end’ (Darwin, 1852, 1869, 1872). Scientists take the view that life may have emerged ‘spontaneously’, through purely accidental but favourable biological conditions, whereby basic molecules notably amino acids combined to form more complex elements, like carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia (Martin Russell, 2002; Hazen, 2005). These biochemical events were triggered accidentally, for example by random cosmic events (e.g. meteorite/comet activity, hot-springs), as the earth formed (Russell, et al, 1988; Fernando Rowe, 2007). Religion offers a completely dif ferent account. God or some other deity, created life (Dawkins, 2006)! For example, in Christianity the earth was created by God, in six days. Scientists completely reject this view however (Dawkins, 2006). In science, notably astronomy and nuclear physics, the earth and universe are the result of a ‘big bang’, whereby all the matter we observe around us today emerged suddenly in a rapidly expanding fiery explosion of matter emanating from a single point (Peacock, 1999). Before the big bang, there was nothing, no time or matter. Although science fails to account for events preceding the ‘big bang’, the notion that it may be ‘created’ by a supernatural entity is regarded with scepticism. Faith A major feature of religious beliefs is faith (Harris, 2006). To have faith is to have trust in an appropriate divinity, notably God, and also to believe in this divinity or deity without question or reason. So, for example, in Judaism there is considerable emphasis on the notion of Emunah (faith), Christians view faith as an essential aspect of worship, while Muslims have faith – known as Iman – in the prophet Mohammed and his teachings. Faith is also an important element in Buddhism, where it is known as Saddha, meaning to have a conviction in or be determined about something. The requirement that one believes in God without asking any questions, or requesting a reason or justification is utter essential in most religions. It means that even when there is evidence to the contrary, such as an apparent failure of God to answer a prayer, the belief and trust in the divinity must be unshaken. In science by contrast, faith is a highly undesirable and hence discouraged conc ept (Godfrey-Smith, 2003). It is virtually non existent amongst scientists. In medical science for example, rather than having faith the effectiveness of a new treatment procedure, there is a universal requirement for evidence-based practice (Tonelli, 2001). Faith is also anathema amongst philosophers who believe in rational thought, the notion that any position or argument must be justified, that is, backed up by reason or evidence (Bonjour, 1998). The truth, rather than been accepted unquestioningly according to religious teachings, is entirely based on the soundness of reasoning or evidence that accompanies it (Kenny, 1986). Doctrine Religion is governed by doctrine, a set of shared beliefs, faiths, teachings, guidelines, and practices, that people adhere to unquestioningly, and which dictate how they live their lives. Thus, for example, religious dogma promoted by the Christian church, such as Christian Trinity (God is one entity simultaneously incorporating the father, the son, and the Holy Spirit) (McGrath, 1987), and virgin birth (the birth of a child by a woman who is a virgin, as in the case of Mary, mother of Jesus) (Spong, 1994) are examples of religious doctrine. By contrast, science and philosophy aren’t governed by any particular doctrine, other than ethical principles which govern research and practice (Godfrey-Smith, 2003). Admittedly ‘teachings’, or ‘movement’s do exist in science and philosophy, in the form of ‘schools of thought’ promoting one particular way of understanding phenomena. Good examples in philosophy are rationalism, empiricism, realism an d psychoanalysis. In science, there is for example theory or relativity in physics, or the biopsychosocial model perspective in health, medical, and behavioural science (Borrell-Carrio et al, 2004). However, philosophers and scientists aren’t required to adhere to any particular set of principles. In general, scientific movements gain greater acceptability as the body of supporting empirical evidence expands (Krige Dominique, 2003). However, scientists are free to pick and choose what school of thought they belong to, without violating their scientific of ethical principles. Quantification Positivist philosophy, a movement developed by the great philosopher Auguste Comte (Pickering, 1993), and on which much of modern scientific experimentation is based, promotes the notion that any phenomena which cannot be observed, measured, and quantified, isn’t worthy of scientific study (LeGouis, 1997). This ‘scientific ideology’, which implies that all true knowledge is scientific and quantifiable, is incompatible with religion, in which true knowledge is divine in nature, and based on holy scriptures (Boyer, 2001). Truth in religion is arguably unquantifiable – one cannot measure the existence of God, the effectiveness of prayer, the strength of ones faith, or the presence of the Holy Spirit, for example. Scientists generally avoid investigating religion and religious concepts, much in the same way as they side-step researching issues like UFO citings, and abductions: scientific journals with prioritise research papers on religion are few and far betwe en (Potter, 2005), reflecting the positivist attitude that anything which can’t be measured doesn’t represent the truth. Consider the practice of medical science in the UK. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) is a body set up in England and Wales, in 1999, to determine what medical treatments are considered worthwhile. Decisions are based primarily on empirical (scientific) evidence, and economic cost-effectiveness analyses (Rawlings Culyer, 2004). Alternative therapies with religious underpinnings rarely receive approval, largely due to the lack of empirical verification (Franck et al, 2007). Objectivity In science there is an emphasis on objectivity, an ability to remain unbiased. This relates directly to the scientific requirement for verifiability and replicability. By suppressing personal feelings, biases, preferences, and prejudices, and adhering strictly to standard protocol, the work of one scientist can be evaluated and reproduced by another scientist, completely independently (Godfrey-Smith, 2003). Objectivity also has philosophical underpinnings, dating back to the nineteenth century with renowned philosophers like Plato, Gottlob Frege, and Immanuel Kant (Rorty, 1991). The basic philosophy is that the truth, knowledge, and reality must exist independent of the mind. Plato for example made a specific distinction between objective knowledge and personal opinion, the latter denoting an unacceptable subjectivity that does not offer an accurate description of reality (Taylor, 2001). In religion, the emphasis is on getting physically, emotionally, and spiritually proximal to ones divinity, rather than maintaining an intellectual distance (Boyer, 2001). Indeed, people are encouraged to wholly immerse themselves in their religions, such that it dictates their entire lifestyle (Boyer, 2001). Thus, the distinction between religion and culture often becomes blurred, such that a religion (e.g. Judaism) becomes highly intertwined with culture (e.g. being an Israeli) (Norris Inglehart, 2007). Religion is generally ingrained in a person’s personal belief system. Thus, whereas a scientist tries to separate his personal views from scientific knowledge, in religion, personal opinions and religious teachings merge. Authority Whereas in most religions authority is solely and ultimately in the hands of a transcendent and supernatural deity, God, or divinity, in science, scientists themselves are their own authority. They are answerable to no-one (other than the particular ethical standards of the professional bodies to which they belong), and may publish their findings at will, helping to expand, and shape, knowledge, reasoning, and general philosophy in their particular field. For this reason, scientists (especially medical doctors) are often accused of ‘playing God’ by religious activists or sympathisers (Hayles, 1999; Stock, 2002), especially with regards to issues like abortion, cloning, and morality. This is known as the transhumanism and hubris argument (Fukuyama, 2004). Philosophers are also their own authority. They take credit and criticism for and whatever philosophy they advocate. Thus, the likes of Plato, Kant, and other greater philosophers are their own authority. In religion by contrast, God or some other deity is the one sole authority, and all worshipers are ultimately answerable to this divinity (Lindbeck, 1984). Religious leaders, such as Imams, Priests, Vicars, and Buddha’s, are merely ‘messengers’ whose primary role is to spread religious teachings: they are ultimately answerable to God, any divine authority they have is extremely limited. So, for example, it can be argued that a Pentecostal priest who purports to execute miracles on particular members of his congregation is in fact merely acting on behalf of God, serving as a ‘channel’ through which God performs his miracles. JUSTIFICATION Are the tensions between religion, science, and philosophy justified? Several arguments are presented below which suggest that the answer to this question is an unequivocal ‘no’. Firstly, the idea promoted by positivist philosophy, and hence modern day science, that religion and religious subjects can’t be studied scientifically is incorrect. Although religious concepts (e.g. God, faith, sin, worship) are generally unobservable, and hence difficult to quantify, scientists do study religion, using scientific methods (e.g. Smith et al, 2003; Myers, 2007). Furthermore, religion offers quantifiable and testable predictions that make it amenable to scientific research. For example, the notion that God exists and/or answers ones prayers can easily be measured and evaluated scientifically (Dawkins, 2006). Secondly, the supposed tension between religion and science appears odd given that science actually emerged from amongst Christians, who were seeking new ways of seekin g out the ‘truth’ about the world, and humanity (Jaki, 1996). Thus, the very scientists and philosophers who embraced notions such as quantification, objectivity, and experimentation were themselves God worshipers, imbued with faith, and adhering strictly to religious doctrine (Godfrey-Smith, 2003). Thus, despite their devotion to scriptures as their main source of truth about reality, many religions allow for the application of scientific theories to everyday problems (Migliore, 2004). So, for example, there is no apparent contradiction if a clergy advices a sick member of his congregation to seek medical treatment, in addition to relying on their faith and asking for divine intervention. Thirdly, science, philosophy, and religion, do actually converge in certain areas, notably metaphysics and cosmology. Metaphysics refers to a philosophical movement concerned with understanding the meaning of reality, existence, and the world (Lowe, 2002; Loux, 2006). It addresses issues beyond the physical world, including questions such as ‘what is reality’, ‘why are we here?’, ‘does God exist’, and ‘Is there a soul?’ Metaphysicists have historically considered these legitimate scientific questions, especially prior to the eighteenth century before the development of modern scientific concepts such as empiricism, and quantification (Lowe, 2002). Yet, it is these very questions that religion and religious teachings are often concerned with. One of the best known fields of metaphysics is theology, the study of God (Migliore, 2004)! The word ‘theology’ means the ‘study of divine things’. In Europe, the Chris tian church, notably the Protestant Church and Roman Catholic Church trains their ministers in Christian theology, for example in Seminaries, or even universities (Woods, 2005). Thus, this begs the question that if religion and science are so incompatible, why would religions, for example Christianity, support academic study and scientific inquiry amongst its clergy? All in all it can be argued that there is no qualitative distinction between religion, and the philosophy of metaphysics (Hazen, 2005). Granted, the answers provided by each perspective may differ wildly. Indeed, certain questions (e.g. ‘does God exist?’) may be inappropriate in many religions. Nevertheless, the overlap between religion, theology, and metaphysics seems obvious (Hazen, 2005). Cosmology refers to the scientific (mathematical) study of the universe, and the role of humanity in it (Hawley Katerine, 1998). Thus, by definition, cosmology and religion are concerned with the same subject matter. C osmology appears to occupy a position between religion and modern science, posing arguments about the relationship between God, humanity, and the physical universe. A sub-branch of cosmology, known as religious cosmology specifically aims at explaining and understanding the universe based, in part, on religious teachings (Hetherington, 1993). Many religious cosmologists accept that God created the universe, but yet recognize the findings of modern science, notably Astrophysics, that the universe was created in the ‘Big Bang’ for example. These two positions aren’t necessarily incompatible; God may be considered to have created the Big Bang! CONCLUSION This essay considers the tension between religion, science, and philosophy, and whether this conflict is justified. Substantial differences exist between religion and science/philosophy: for example, religious notions like faith, God, and unquestioning adherence, are generally incompatible with classic scientific tenets. Similarly, traditional scientific requirements like quantification, and philosophical concepts such as rationality and empiricism, don’t ‘fit’ well with religious practice. Yet, perhaps the magnitude of these differences may be exaggerated. Religion, philosophy, and science, in fact overlap considerably, and the best evidence for this lies in the existence of fields like metaphysics, cosmology, religious cosmology, and theology. These disciplines generally involve scientific inquiry, but yet address religious concepts, and are studied by religious clergy, ministers, and other religious leaders. All in all, any conflict between religion and science /philosophy may be more myth than reality. REFERENCE Blackburn, S., Ed. (1996) The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Bonjour, L. (1998) In Defense of Pure Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Borrell-Carrio, F., Suchman, A.L. Epstein, M.D. (2004) The Biopsychosocial Model 25 Years Later: Principles, Practice, and Scientific Inquiry. Annals of Family Medicine, 2, pp.576-582. Boyer, P. (2001) Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought. New York: Basic Books. Darwin, C. (1859, 1861, 1872) On the Origin of Specifies by Means of Natural Selection, of the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1st edition). London: John Murray. Dawkins, R. (2006) Why there almost certainly is no God. The Huffington Post, August 18. Fernando CT Rowe, J (2007). Natural selection in chemical evolution. Journal of Theoretical Biology 247, pp.152-67. Fukuyama, F. (2004) The Worlds Most Dangerous Ideas [online] in Foreign Policy. http://www.mywire.com/pubs/ForeignPolicy/2004/09/01/564801?page=4 [Accessed August 16 2007]. Franck, L., Chantler, C. Dixon, M. (2007) Should NICE evaluate complementary and alternative medicine? British Medical Journal, 334, p.506. Godfrey-Smith, P. (2003) Theory and reality: an introduction to the Philosophy of Science. Science and its Conceptual Foundations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Harris, S (2006) Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason. Blackstone AudioBooks. Hawley, J.F. Katerine A.H. (1998) Foundations of Modern Cosmology. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Hayles, N.K. (1999). How We Became Posthuman. University of Chicago Press Hazen, RM. (Dec 2005) Genesis: The Scientific Quest for Life’s Origins. Joseph Henry Press Hetherington, N.S. (1993) Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives. New York: Garland Publishing. Jaki, S. (1996) Bible and Science. Christendom Press. Jones, L. (ed) (2005) Encyclopaedia of Religion. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan. Kenny, A. (1986) Rationalism, Empiricism and Idealism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Krige, J. Dominique, P. (eds) (2003) Science in the Twentieth Century. Routledge. LeGouis, C. (1997). Positivism and Imagination: Scientism and Its Limits in Emile Hennequin, Wilhelm Scherer and Dmitril Pisarev. London: Bucknell University Press. Lindbeck, G.A. (1984) Nature of Doctrine. Louisville: John Knox Press. Lowe, E. J. (2002). A Survey of Metaphysics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Loux, M. J. (2006). Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduction (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. Martin, W. Russell M.J. (2002). On the origins of cells: a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions from abiotic geochemistry to chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, and from prokaryotes to nucleated cells. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences 358, pp.59-85. McGrath, A.E. (1987) Understanding the Trinity. Eastbourne, UK: Kingsway Publications Migliore, D.L. (2004) Faith Seeking Understanding: An Introduction to Christian Theology. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Myers, D. (2007) The Science of Subjective Well-being. Guildford Press. Norris, P. Inglehart, R. (2007) Sacred and Secular, Religion and Politics Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Peacock, J. (1999). Cosmological Physics. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press. Pickering, M. (1993) Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Potter, R.L. (2005) Religious themes in medical journals. Journal of Religion and Health, 32, pp.217-222. Rawlins MD Culyer AJ (2004) National Institute for Clinical Excellence and its value judgements. British Medical Journal, 329, pp.224-227. Rorty, R. (1991) Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Russell MJ, Hall AJ, Cairns-Smith AG. Braterman PS (1988). Submarine hot springs and the origin of life. Nature 336, p.117. Spong, J.S. (1994) Born of a Woman: A Bishop Rethinks the Virgin Birth. San Francisco: Harper Collins. Stock, G. (2002). Redesigning Humans: Choosing our Genes, Changing our Future. Mariner Books Taylor, A.E. (2001). Plato: The Man and his Work. Courier Dover Publications Tonelli, MR. (2001) The limits of evidence-based medicine. Respiratory Care, 46, pp.1435-1440. Woods, J.T. (2005). How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization. Regnery Publishing.

Prose Passage by Ralph Waldo Emerson

In the Prose Passage, Ralph Waldo Emerson’s attitude towards nature is very obvious. He illustrates to the reader that he not only enjoys nature, but he is charmed and connected to it. In this passage, he also explores the differences between how adults see nature and how children see nature. Finally, he reiterates his delight and connection to nature in saying, â€Å"Yet it is certain that the power to produce this delight does not reside in nature, but in man, or in a harmony of both. Ralph Waldo Emerson was not only an enthusiastic writer of nature, but an enjoyer of its magnificent features as well. † Emerson explains that there is such vastness and difference in nature that someone who visits it can’t possible ever get tired of it. He writes, â€Å"Within [the] plantations of God, a decorum and sanctity reign, a perennial festival is dressed, and the guest sees not how he should tire of them in a thousand years. † Its beauty is so wonderful that being bored is inconceivable to him.To exemplify that nature evokes happiness even if a person were to be under the worst imaginable circumstances, he states, â€Å"In the presence of nature a wild delight runs through the man, in spite of real sorrows. † Of course, his enjoyment is expressed when he writes, â€Å"Crossing a bare common [park or grassy square], in snow puddles, at twilight, under a clouded sky, without having in my thoughts any occurrence of special good fortune, I have enjoyed a perfect exhilaration. I am glad to the brink of fear. † The strong imagery that he portrays with the puddles and clouded sky brings the reader closer to the image of nature that Emerson saw.Emerson elucidates to the fact that adults and children have very different views of the sun even though it is the same for both. He writes, â€Å"Most persons do not see the sun. At least they have a very superficial seeing. The sun illuminates only the eye of the man, but shines into the eye and the heart of the child. † Emerson gives the reader the understanding that their connection with nature is lost on their road to adulthood. However, children admire and enjoy the sun, seeing it in a different light than that with which adults see it.This is demonstrated when he says, â€Å"The sun illuminates only the eye of the man, but shines into the eye and the heart of the child. † On the whole, Emerson’s love of nature is overwhelmingly exposed in this passage. In the end, he underscores the unbroken connection between humankind and nature by writing, â€Å"The lover of nature is he whose inward and outward senses are still truly adjusted to each other; who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood. His intercourse [communication] with heaven and earth becomes part of his daily food. â€Å"

Current Market Research Report on Synthetic & Bio-Based Lubricants Market Essay

This study estimates and forecasts the demand for synthetic (mineral oils and chemical oils) and bio-based lubricants in the global market. Synthetic lubricants market has been segmented on the basis of various products including industrial, consumer automotive and commercial automotive lubricants. This segmentation has also been analyzed on a regional level, providing data for North America, Europe and Asia Pacific. Bio-based lubricants market has been segmented on the basis of applications such as hydraulic oil, chainsaw oil, turbine oil, metal working oil and so on. Biolubricant demand has also been segmented on the basis of end-use industries such as commercial and consumer automotives. The study analyzes the entire lubricant industry from the demand perspective and market data for all segmentations is provided both in terms of volumes and revenues with forecast for the period from 2013 to 2018. Various synthetic lubricant products analyzed in this study include process oils, general industrial oils, hydraulic & transmission fluid, passenger vehicle engine & motor oil, metal working fluids, heavy-duty engine oil, gear oil and grease. Bio-based lubricants have also been analyzed from raw material perspective, with estimates for vegetable oil-based and animal oil based lubes. The bio-based lubricant market by applications can be mainly divided into automotive, hydraulic, process, demolding, chainsaw, compressor, turbine, industrial gear, metal working oils and lubricating greases. The economies covered in this report are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of the World (ROW). This report also includes Porters five forces model and the market share of major companies in 2011. A market attractiveness profile has also been provided for bio-based lubricants which would assist in product development and specifications. Some of the key players that deal in synthetic and bio-based lubricants include Royal Dutch Shell, Exxon Mobil, British Petroleum, Chevron, Castrol, Fuchs and Total. The top 20 market participants have been profiled in this study, including data such as recent developments, financial performance, and product lines and so on.

Music Essay essays

Music Essay essays For some people music is a very big influence, They dress up and act like the music they listen to. They put make-up on, spike there hair, dread it, dye it and ware black and extra-baggy clothing just to show people what kind of music there into. For whatever your into theres some style of music for you. Some people get introduced to a certain type of music and it completely changes their life, the way they dress, act, speak and the people you hang out with There are many types of music and many types of styles that go with the music. For instance theres punks, they shave, spike, dye, and do crazy things with there hair just to be noticed. Theres Goths, they were black and white make-up have crazy piercing etc. Rap supports baggy pants and hats sideways. Theres hippies who like string bands and the old yuppie music from back in the day. They dress up hippied out sporting dreadlocks, dirt, macram, and colorful shirts. And of course all our parents like whatever they were into when they were kids, like our dads who are into Styx, Pink Floyd, led Zeppelin, Def leopard, and whatever else they liked. Our Moms were into Elvis, The Beatles and what ever else was popular at the time. Theres many types of music and styles for whatever youre into. No matter if youre a punk, yuppie, gangster, prep, Goth hippie and ex hippie or even if you dont even know what you like, theres someone to influence you, to like the music that they listen to. Friends are always influencers on other friends if they like the same thing they get something in common and something to talk about. ...

Rome Example

Rome Example Rome – Coursework Example Rome Rome The fall of the Ancient Rome started as long as 190 AD. The main reason that contributed to the fall of Rome was disunity in the military and poor administration of the empire. The Roman Army did spread all over in the Western Europe, and each section of the army was governed with different ideas and leadership. Notably, each part of the army needed a different person for an emperor. In fact, one part of the army could fight and make its member an emperor after which another part of the army could wedge a war on the army in power and put its own member in power (Markel, 2008). Between 211 and 284 AD, twenty-three soldier emperors had governed Roman Empire and rival army killed twenty of these emperors. The lack of law and order in the ancient Roman Empire contributed to its fall. Later in 284 AD, Rome was divided into smaller empires including the Western and Eastern Empire that the Diocletian though could be easy to govern. Different leaders with different and distinct geo logical and responsibilities led a different empire (Markel, 2008). Nonetheless, more administrative problems rose, and more military defense were needed across the Rome Empire; thus, there was a need to recruit more military. However, the empire did not have enough money to sustain the military and other administrative matters. Therefore, it increased taxed thereby increasing prices of goods and services offered to people. These military and administrative steps made the Romans lose confidence in the leadership of the empire. Additionally, the Roman army lost its glory and power to defend and protect the empire, when other tribes including the Ostrogoth raided Rome, the army could not defend the empire, and Romans could only make deals with these tribes (Markel, 2008). These are among the factors that contributed to fall or the powerful Roman Empire.ReferenceMarkel, R. J. (2008).  The fall of the Roman Empire. Minneapolis, MN: Twenty-First Century Books.

Human Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Capital - Essay Example This is a case analysis of the Riordan Manufacturing, a global plastics producer employing 550 people with projected annual earnings of $46 million. The company is wholly owned by Riordan Industries, a Fortune 1000 enterprise with revenues in excess of $1 billion. Production is divided among three plants: plastic beverage containers in Albany, Georgia; custom plastic parts in Pontiac, Michigan; and plastic fan parts in Hangzhou, China. Research and Development is conducted at corporate headquarters in San Jose, California. Riordans major customers are automotive parts manufacturers, aircraft manufacturers, the Department of Defense, beverage makers and bottlers, and appliance manufacturers. The cause of the problem that Riordan Manufacturing is facing is rooted from several strategic changes in the way it manufactures and markets its products. The declining sales and uneven profits over the past two years not only forced the company to change its sales processes, but prompted them to adopt a customer-relationship management (CRM) system. So now customers are serviced primarily by sales teams rather than single salespeople, with each team focusing on a particular customer segment. Teams typically include a sales person, product engineering specialist and customer service representatives. The company is hoping that the team approach will improve sales. With some work being redirected to a new manufacturing facility in China, and plants have been restructured into self-directed work teams, the changes implemented have caused the employee retention numbers to decline. An employee survey showed a decrease in overall job satisfaction, particularly in the areas of compensatio n and benefits. Riordan’s employees comprise three major demographic groups. Baby boomers make up the bulk of the managerial and about half of the manufacturing

Critical Literature Review - Gender In Leadership Essay

Critical Literature Review - Gender In Leadership - Essay Example This study critically reviews literature on leadership ascendance, unravelling the myths of glass ceiling against women. This study begins with sentiments raised to demonstrate women in management can progress despite the environment they are working in, accompanied in the end by the arguments that claim the gender glass ceiling is a bigger force than thought. The case of Lebanese women leadership roles in the well established managerial sector has variously been referred to as a model to explain the situation. Increased effectiveness in senior management has been argued as a benefit of involvement of women in senior management (Huse and Nielsen, 2010, p136). Such observation can be supported by lack of conflict in women management and leadership styles. Strategic control measures are now being taken by many corporations to minimize leadership conflicts and enhance results. Only a few companies have however adopted such policies, with some arguing that management should be detached form positive discrimination. However in Aras and Crowther (2009, p160), an observation is made that management in the Lebanese corporate field is changing and has adopted equity in job allocation, based on merit and ability. The current information period in which the Lebanese managerial sector is operating brings the best management practices to the attention of business management. Women promotion is still not satisfactorily established bearing in mind that the cultural practices in the Lebanese community wil l continue to contest for popularity with globalization. Price (53) offers management and individual approaches that can be implemented or adopted to overcome the challenge pose by the glass ceiling to women in leadership. Women attitude on their roles in management is illustrated as a very strong force in the treatment that they face from their male counterparts. However, most of the