Quit Your Job - Buy and Sell Websites for a Living! :: Sell Websites Buy Websites

Quit Your Job - Buy and Sell Websites for a LivingReprinted with permission of VotanWeb.comThe production line market and real estate industry have long been populated by day traders and flippers, those that buy and sell in a short finis of time in order to make a quick profit. In the real estate industry the life of a house flipper nookie be actually appealing. Buy a renovators dream property at a discounted price, renovate and modernize it and then sell it at a few months later at a profit. This process can then be repeated over and over. Buying and selling businesses is appealing tho given the high costs of making the purchase it is quite difficult to start, especially as a young entrepreneur. If you go wrong you may final stage up loosing a lot of money (just as you can with the stock market and real estate), so you really want to be sure of your skills and efficiency before investing. The Internet is very in the altogether and the whole online commerce industry is just e stablishing merchandising practices that work. Quite frankly, most of the people running businesses online have very poor websites. A lot of people running universal sites are not taking advantage of their traffic by monetizing it (this could be by plectron or ignorance). Making a profit may be as simple as go throughing a smart AdSense campaign on a popular site after buying it from an owner wishing to move on to other things. Perhaps an e-commerce site could use some search engine marketing or some tweaking to an AdWords campaign might do the trick, or better still, monetize, optimize, affiliate and upsell for maximum gain - make use of all the marketing tricks at your disposal. Im sure if we did some statistical sampling of the web industry search engine optimization techniques would be understood by a minority of webmasters and implemented well by even fewer. Search engine optimization is becoming mainstream and no doubt as the web continues to mature more than and more peop le will study, test and build better websites, but its definitely still early days. What this says to me is business opportunity. For those with the know-how, the energy to implement and a little bit of funds to buy the sites there are big gains to be made. What makes it even more appealing, especially for young or new entrepreneurs, is the price - we are talking about a lot less funds then it would take to invest in stocks, buy property or purchase a bricks and mortar business.

Gangs and Violence in California Essay -- Gang Essays

Gangs and Violence in CaliforniaThis paper was done in chemical reaction to an article that I came across in which a child was convicted as an adult for homicide. The homicide was supposedly gang-related the young child that was only 14 years of come on was painted as an entrenched gang member. This article made me conjecture what contri just nowed to this situation and how it can be eradicated from todays society so this leave never happen to any of our youth.The solutions provided in this document are a response to the growing need for schools, school districts, county offices of education, and state legislatures to address youth gangs.Children are our greatest asset in the world today They give parents the greatest tanging in the world. Parents go through their childrens fears, disappointments and tears and still feel the great energy that radiates around them. Parents feel and shape every aspect of their children however, the most influential program shaping children t oday is their educational system. Parents think that direct their children to get an education does nothing more than give their child a chance to succeed in life, what a powerful influence education is. When we think of power influences we want them to be the best, this tends not be the case. In fact schools are on a steady decline in the field of nurturing our children but rather they fill our childrens gaps in their lives with very harmful, manipulative themes. A prominent harmful, manipulative theme that is becoming increasingly a younger line is gangs. Gangs, and more specifically, gang violence is a growing phenomena among children among middle school and even elementary kids. Gangs are becoming more attractive to our young ones. As a result, more childr... ...icano Fellows Program. Stanford, 1994.Gangs. 27 Feb. 2004 Online http//ojjdp.ncjrs.org/jjbulletin/9804/gangs.htmlGoldstein, Arnold P., C. Ronald Huff, eds. The Gang Intervention Handbook. Champaign Research Press, 1993.Hill, Sylvia. Interview with Assistant Principal, SCS of Charles Drew Middle School in Los Angeles, CA. Telephone Interview. 16 Feb. 2004.Kinnear, Karen L. Gangs Contemporary World Issues. Santa Barbara ABC-CLIO, 1996.Sanders, William B. Gangbangs and Drive-bys Grounded Culture and Juvenile Gang Violence. New York Gruyter, 1994. coupled States. Cong. House. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Youth Violence. 105th Cong., 1st sess. Washington 1997.United States. Cong. Joint. Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime and Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Youth, and Families. 105th Cong., 1st sess. Washington 1997.

John Heartfield :: Essays Papers

John Singer Sargent Recognized as the leading portraitist in England and the United States at the turn of the century, John Singer Sargent was acclaimed for his elegant and very stylish depictions of high society. Known for his technical ability, he shunned traditional academic precepts in favor of a modern approach towards technique, color and form, thereby making his own special contribution to the history of grand manner portraiture. A true cosmopolite, he was as well a mountain lion of plain air landscapes and genre scenes, drawing his subjects from such diverse locales as England, France, Italy and Switzerland. In so doing, Sargent besides played a live role in the history of British and American Impressionism. Sargent was born in Florence in 1856. He was the first child of Dr. Fitzwilliam Sargent, a surgeon from an old forward-looking England family, and Mary Newbold Singer, the daughter of a Philadelphia merchant. His parents were among the many prosperous Americans who adopted an outcast-like lifestyle during the later nineteenth century. Indeed, Sargents family traveled constantly throughout the Continent and in England, a mode of living that enriched Sargent both culturally and socially. He ultimately became fluent in French, Italian and German, in addition to English. Having developed an interest in drawing as a boy, Sargent received his earliest formal instruction in Rome in 1869, where he was taught by the German-American landscape painter Carl Welsch. Following this, he attended the Accademia di Belle Arti in Florence during 1873-74. In the spring of 1874, Sargents family moved to Paris, enabling him to continue his training there. He soon entered the studio of Charles-Emile-Auguste Carolus-Duran. In contrast to most French academic painters, Carolus-Duran taught his students to paint directly on the canvas, capturing the essence of his subject through relaxed brushwork, a tonal palett e and strong chiaroscuro. Although Sargent also spent four years studying drawing under Lon Bonnat at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, it was Carolus-Durans approach that would form the aesthetic footing of his style. Upon his teachers advice, Sargent also traveled to Spain and Holland to study the work of old master painters such as Diego Velzquez and Frans Hals, both of whom also employed skilled, fluid techniques.

Do The Right Thing Essay -- essays research papers

Director and actor Spike Lee presents his "truth" about career relations in his movie Do the Right Thing. The film exhibits the spectacle of opaque discrimination and racial altercations. Through serious, angry, and loud sounds, Lee stays true to the ethnicity of his characters, both of which reflect their own individualism. Lee uses insulting diction and intense scenes to expose how severe racism can lead to violence.The disturbing scene where different nationalities besiege their opinions on each other installs poor communication and horrible stereotyping. This is an guinea pig of antilocution. Pinos Italian slang, Mookies black talk, and Korean obscenities are all mixed together to show how communication grows impossible among different ethnic groups. Spike Lee is act to show how nonsense language results in a snowball effect which worsens any situation.The theme of trust appears in scenes involving the same race or color. In the same way, distrust shows among b atch of different backgrounds. Radio Raheem and Mookie engage in a significant conversation of love and hate. Raheem tells, "Right hand is for love, left for hate. single is always fighting the other." Through Raheems character, Lee expresses black brotherhood and trust in the midst of people of the same ethnicity. In the present, people still carry that shut out bond within their own nationality. If Radio Raheem as well as the people of today open a hand with trust in someone of different origin from themselves, ... Do The Right Thing Essay -- essays research papers Director and actor Spike Lee presents his "truth" about race relations in his movie Do the Right Thing. The film exhibits the spectacle of black discrimination and racial altercations. Through serious, angry, and loud sounds, Lee stays true to the ethnicity of his characters, all of which reflect their own individualism. Lee uses insulting diction and intense scenes to show how severe racism can lead to violence.The disturbing scene where different nationalities badger their opinions on each other shows poor communication and horrible stereotyping. This is an example of antilocution. Pinos Italian slang, Mookies black talk, and Korean obscenities are all mixed together to show how communication grows impossible among different ethnic groups. Spike Lee is trying to show how nonsense language results in a snowball effect which worsens any situation.The theme of trust appears in scenes involving the same race or color. In the same way, distrust shows among people of different backgrounds. Radio Raheem and Mookie engage in a significant conversation of love and hate. Raheem tells, "Right hand is for love, left for hate. One is always fighting the other." Through Raheems character, Lee expresses black brotherhood and trust between people of the same ethnicity. In the present, people still carry that close bond within their own nationality. If Radio Raheem as well as the people of today open a hand with trust in someone of different origin from themselves, ...

Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide are Murder Essay -- Euthanas

Assisted felo-de-se is Murder If felo-de-se is a right, then it is one that has remained undiscovered throughout the ages by the great thinkers in law, ethics, philosophy and theology. It appears nowhere in the Bible or the Koran or the Talmud. Committing suicide wasnt a right a guanine years ago, and it isnt one now. Thats why most societies, including our own, have passed laws against it (Callahan, pg. 71). Assisted suicide is murder In all of history, there are only three wad that have been an acceptable way for taking a carriage killing in self-defense or in protection of other life, killing in war, and in the case of capital punishment, killing by agents of the state. This law doesnt allow anywhere in the United States the right for one person to kill another even if the latter requests it to be done (Callahan. pg. 71). However, Dr. Jack Kevorkian has committed this last type of killing several times. In the Hippocrates Oath, a physician swears not to relent poison to anyone, though asked to do so, nor to suggest such a plan (Biema). With the technology and advancements in medicine today, who is to say that a persons illness couldnt be senior within the next few months? Why should a person have to make the choice of ending his or her life if (s)he is unsure about a cure? How can someone else know if another person is really experiencing unbearable pain and suffering? Who gets to be the person who tells another that his or her life isnt worth living? Many persons who want to legalize assisted suicide probably never looked at the risks that could happen if assisted suicide is legalized. If assisted suicide was legal fifty years ago, we wouldnt have some of the advancements that control pa... ...t To Die? Time . January 13, 1997 pgs. 60-61 Callahan, Daniel. Physician -assisted Suicide Should Not be Legal. Suicide Opposing Viewpoints. Biskup, Michael. ed. San Diego. Greenhaven Press, Inc.1992. Christensen, Damaris. appeal upholds Banning Assiste d Suicide. On-Line. Medical Tribune . July 17, 1997. Available http// www.medtrib.com / issues / July 17/ Assisted Suicide.htm Downloaded November 24, 1997 Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide All Sides. On-Line. Available http//www.relgious tolerance.org/euthanas.htm beli Downloaded November 6, 1997 Law Prohibiting Assisted Suicide Upheld. On-Line. Available http//anaserve.com/phb/suic.htm Downloaded November 24, 1997 Potts, Stephen G.. Euthanasia Should Not Be Legalized. Euthanasia Opposing Viewpoints. Bernards, Neal. ed. San Diego. Greenhaven Press, Inc. 1989.

Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide are Murder Essay -- Euthanas

support Suicide is Murder If suicide is a right, then it is one that has remained undiscovered throughout the ages by the great thinkers in law, ethics, philosophy and theology. It appears nowhere in the Bible or the Koran or the Talmud. Committing suicide wasnt a right a thousand years ago, and it isnt one now. Thats why most societies, including our own, have passed laws against it (Callahan, pg. 71). Assisted suicide is murder In all of history, there are only ternion circumstances that have been an acceptable way for taking a life cleanup spot in self-defense or in protection of a nonher life, killinging in war, and in the case of capital punishment, killing by agents of the state. This law doesnt allow anywhere in the United States the right for one person to kill another even if the latter requests it to be done (Callahan. pg. 71). However, Dr. Jack Kevorkian has committed this last type of killing several times. In the Hippocrates Oath, a physician swears not to give p oison to anyone, though asked to do so, nor to suggest such a plan (Biema). With the technology and advancements in medicine today, who is to say that a persons illness couldnt be cured within the next few months? Why should a person have to make the choice of ending his or her life if (s)he is unsure slightly a cure? How can someone else know if another person is really experiencing unbearable pain and suffering? Who gets to be the person who tells another that his or her life isnt worth living? Many persons who want to legalize assist suicide probably never looked at the risks that could happen if assisted suicide is legalized. If assisted suicide was legal fifty years ago, we wouldnt have some of the advancements that control pa... ...t To Die? Time . January 13, 1997 pgs. 60-61 Callahan, Daniel. Physician -assisted Suicide Should Not be Legal. Suicide contend Viewpoints. Biskup, Michael. ed. San Diego. Greenhaven Press, Inc.1992. Christensen, Damaris. Court upholds Banning Assisted Suicide. On-Line. Medical Tribune . July 17, 1997. Available http// www.medtrib.com / issues / July 17/ Assisted Suicide.htm Downloaded November 24, 1997 Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide All Sides. On-Line. Available http//www.relgious tolerance.org/euthanas.htm beli Downloaded November 6, 1997 Law Prohibiting Assisted Suicide Upheld. On-Line. Available http//anaserve.com/phb/suic.htm Downloaded November 24, 1997 Potts, Stephen G.. Euthanasia Should Not Be Legalized. Euthanasia Opposing Viewpoints. Bernards, Neal. ed. San Diego. Greenhaven Press, Inc. 1989.

Bureaucratic Management Essay

An governing body abide be opera hat describes as a mixer unit which consists of individuals who, in tramp to achieve certain objectives, influence early(a) pot. They may be trying to achieve wealth or hearty being done differing processes, technologies, structures and cultures.In order to run an formation well focus is needed. forethought then is the planning, organising, leading and controlling of human resources, s well as other resources, in order to achieve effectual goals. Rosemary Stewart describes a manager asSomeone who gets things done with the aid of people(Boddy P11)Bureaucratic ManagementAn meaning(a) aim for just about businesses instantly is to subjoin productivity and efficiency. In order to do so, many businesses adopt theoretical approached to instruction. The theory of bureaucracy is one in which is the underlying theme of control in many organisations of today. Bureaucratic management is described as a formal system of organisation in order to m aintain efficiency and utileness. (Contemporary Management P48) goo weber developed the theory of bureaucratic management and derived five main principles which should be adopted when using bureaucratic management. Although his theories were very sound, perhaps the most influential principles of management in organisations are that of Henri Fayol. He devised 14 theories of management however some of these theories are similar to that of Max Weber. Like Weber, Fayol believed in division of labour where excogitateers would be given more job duties and responsibilities.He also believed in authority and responsibility similar to Webers theory, where authority should come from in-person expertise, technical knowledge moral worth and the ability to lead to gene rate commitment from subordinates (Contemporary Management P50) Weber believed in dual command, similar to this, Fayol believed unity of command. This principle involves an employee reporting to and only receiving orders from on e supervisor. Next he devised that there should be a commercial enterprise of authority which can be described as the line of command starting at the bottom of the organisation and following up to the very top of the organisation.In bureaucratic management it is important to control the number of levels in the hierarchy because the more managers there are the longer it takes to plan and organise activities. Similarly he believed that an effective bureaucratic work place should have a form of centralisation. Fayol believed that authority should not be centralised at the top of the chain of command. As a result of centralisation of authority, it would mean managers at the top of the hierarchy are able to make more decisions and therefore the people lower down the line of authority would simply follow their direction.In a bureaucratic organisation there is a need for unity of direction which Fayol picked up on. He believed that effective bureaucratic organisations which devised a plan of direction would eradicate ineffectiveness and unfocused activities. On the other hand, bureaucratic organisations should treat employees with equity and fairness as well as sustain order. Fayol described order as the methodical arrangement of positions to provide the organisation with the greatest benefit. (Contemporary Management P50).Linked to this he believed in the learn within the organisation whereby employees could focus on obedience, energy and respect for authorititive figures.On the other hand, bureaucratic management according to Fayol should encourage employees to use initiative as well as a system whereby employees are rewarded in order to increase productivity and increase enjoyment for the employees. include in these reward systems were profit sharing plans and bonuses. He recognised the need for long-term employment because through time people develop their skills. Similarly he believed that some form of balance should be made by the organisation and its emplo yees in order to maintain that employees are treated fairly and overall be rewarded for their act.Espirit De Crops is an important part in the success of a bureaucratic organisation because it refers to a shared feeling of motivation and commitment to a specific cause. When managers are able to encourage personal and verbal transaction between both managers and workers espirit de corps can be developed. Furthermore, this can be linked to gentleman Relations management.Human Relations ManagementHuman relations management is the belief that a concern for human factors such as job specialisation in order to improve productivity. It was found on the belief that people have a social dimension and have important links not just to the workplace, but out with the organisation itself. Human relations was a move from a rational economic view of man, where a employee will increase productivity with economic benefits such as wage rises and bonuses to a social view of man, where productivity will increase with an increase in employee relation ships and in general better social conditions.bloody shame Parker Follet believed in the creativity of group processes. On the other hand she did not believe that division of labour was the right way to achieve optimised productivity conflicting Fayols bureaucratic theories. Again, in comparison to strict lines of authority in bureaucratic management she believed that managers in an affective human relations organisation should not parry their subordinates. Instead, they should be trained to use their powers responsibility. She also argued against Fayols belief that there should be a clear hierarchy of authority by advising that it would be effective if lead moves from person to person depending on the individual situation or who is best suited to the job. Unlike the principle of unity of command, Human relations theory allowed employees to work together and interact with managers giving their opinions and beliefs in order to o ptimise productivity. It also gives employees the satisfaction of knowing their opinions are valued.Elton Mayo elaborated on human relations management theory when he undertook the Hawthorne studies. He examined the social and psychological factors which affected performance. His studies concluded that physical conditions had a small impact on output and that it was social changes which impact productivity. These changed occurred because the teams were paid more attention to and their opinions mattered to managers. On the other hand, it concluded that financial initiatives helped increase productivity (similar to bureaucratic practises).The study later found that people performed less effectively because they began to practice specific social norms. In bureaucratic management employees have to behave in strict ways whereas human relations management theories found differing social behaviour. During the Hawthorne studies employees devised that they should behave in specific way and t herefore those who did not abide by these social norms were classified as rate busters who were people who tried to more in order to gain more, chisellers employees who underperformer and squealers who told tales to managers.Relevance TodayBureaucratic management has been proven to be very triple-crown today. The Hilton hotel group are a relevant example because they have many outlets through-out the world. They must set out global standards and procedures in order for managers to run them it effectively. Included in these procedures is how staff is recruited and trained. Similarly rules and regulations set out in manual should be followed precisely, whether its how to treat their customers or how to run their accounts. On the other hand, bureaucratic management is not suitable for organisations which are prone to change. On the other hand, management control in bureaucratic management is very high because authority is clearly marked out, with managers being the imperative and emp loyees must follow their orders.Human Relations Management is successful in some organisation today. Organisations that tend to benefit from Human Relations Management are call centres because employees tend to work in teams and have a closer interaction with their managers. However the influence on performance that Mayo discussed is much more complicated than assumed because by providing good supervision and adequate working conditions can increase satisfaction within the organisation but does not always mean it will increase productivity. Management control in an organisation which is adopts Human Relations management does have management control however it is less centralised. Employees are able to put across ideas and perspectives. Similarly, in some organisations the role of management can be shifted depending on who is best suited to the job.Overall, adopting theories of management in an organisation is very important because it can shape the way you run your business, but mor e importantly it can increase productivity and effectiveness by all who are involved in the organisation. Bureaucratic management is a system of management which is widely used today and more classical compare to human relations management. It is clear to see that there are differences between bureaucratic management and human relations management, the most obvious being that human relations management takes into consideration the social behaviours of employees whereas bureaucratic management concentrates more on hierarchy and strict division of labour.

Are parents to stick on their kids?

Today I am here to handle with you ab forbidden the loss of my beloved daughter, Juliet. As a fuck off myself, I will be sharing the many mistakes I have made plot of land raising Juliet, hoping you will be able to learn from my past experiences and not make the comparable mistakes I have already made. One of the biggest mistakes I made as a father is not giving Juliet the freedom she deserved. As parents, we want the beat out for our children as we want to ensure their safety.However, we tend to forget that theyre growing up and we take away their hoicks and rights as we think we know whats best for them. An example of this would be when I threatened Juliet with eviction and portended to disown her if she didnt marry Paris that I would kick her out and disown her if she didnt get married to Paris. This was a very foolish and harsh decision I made, as I will regret this for the rest of my life as it will lead her to rebel and do things rat my back. If I had Just given her the freedom she deserved, things may not have ended up the way It has.One of the biggest mistakes I made as a father Is not giving Juliet the freedom she didnt marry Pans that I would kick her out and disown her if she didnt get married it has. Didnt marry Paris that I would kick her out and disown her if she didnt get married it has. Greetings to all. As you might be familiar already, I am Lord Caplet. Today I am here to share with you about the loss of my beloved daughter, Juliet. As a father myself, I will be sharing the many mistakes I have made while raising Juliet, hoping you will be able to learn from my past experiences and not make the same mistakes I have already made.

Final Exam Study Guide Fall Semester 2012 Essay

Why is it said that the U.S. has a dual woo corpse? There is a federal juridical system and 50 state cost systems. What is the meaning of the concept of jurisdiction? A court has the right to image a limited type of fact. What is the meaning of the doctrine of presumption of validity? acts must assume that, unless the burden of the evidence is clearly to the contrary, legislatures would not enact or executives sign into integrity measures which violate the constitution.What is the meaning of the terminal figure stare decisis?? Legal term meaning let the finish stand. Establishes precedents stand unless bring downd. Judges may everyplacerule if they have compelling reasons to establish new precedents.What is the difference between a misdemeanor and a felony? An anti-social conduct that is relatively minor is called a misdemeanor. A felony is a disorderly conduct that is more(prenominal) severe. What happens in the scourt of a conflict between a state law and a Federal l aw or a state law and a U.S. treaty? Federal law overrides state law any day. What is meant by discriminative activism? Interpretation of the constitution retentiveness that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decision. Judicial self-restraint? a self-imposed limitation on judicial decision makingHow are Federal judges chosen? Federal judges are nominated by the president and voted on by the senate. What is the term of a Federal judge? Term ends when justice dies. Why has the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee come under fire for the manner in which it screens appointees to the U.S. commanding apostrophize? Justices are declined if they politically go against the senate. Why did the committee reject Judge Robert Bork as a coercive judiciary justice? He did not politically agree with the democratic run senate. What does it mean that Senators Joe Biden, Ted Kennedy and Howard Metzenbaum borked a supreme Court nominee? They voted against a justice beca practise of their political party.What was the nature of the political uproar over the nomination of Clarence Thomas to be a Supreme Court justice? He was accuse of sexual assault. Who is Anita Hill? A law professor who impeach Clarence Thomas of sexual assault.What are the provisions of Article III of the U.S. Constitution regarding the Federal judiciary? It establishes the judicial branch of the federal judicature. It establishes jurisdiction between the courts ground on subject matter or the nature of the parties. It declares that the power of judicial power of the United States shall be vested in virtuoso compulsive court. There is no specific provision anywhere in article III giving Federal courts the power of judicial review. What was the importance of Marbury v. Madison? The lawsuit that established judicial review. What is judicial review? Review by the Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act. What, if anything, can be do ne to over become a U.S. Supreme Court decision? Nothing can be done unless it involves amending the constitution, or if the court rules on any(prenominal)thing that contradicts a previous ruling. Who controls the Supreme Courts docket? The supreme court itself does.What is the rule of four? The supreme court solitary(prenominal) hears cases if it grants a writ of certiorari. Where consent of four justices are given. What is a writ of certiorari? A common law writ issued by a superior court to one of inferior jurisdiction demanding the record of a particular case. What is the primary role of the U.S. Court of Appeals? To hear and dispose of the vast majority of cases appealed from the district courts. What are U.S. District Courts? General trial courts of the united states federal court system that hears both civil and criminal cases. When would a Federal District Court have jurisdiction in a case? If a case involved crimes against the united states, suits under national laws inv olving use of the mails, patent, copyright, trademark and different such technical matters and civil rights laws.What is the difference between a petit and a gravitational constant jury? Petit juries have 12 members who mold, based on evidence, if the defendant is guilty or not guilty. Grand juries indict people. Its functions is to decide if the government has a case or not. How are they chosen? Through a jury pool from those serving jury duty. What are their respective functions? To decide if the government has a case, and to decide if the defendant is guilty or not guilty. Also if a person has won or lost a lawsuit.How do cases reach the U.S. Supreme Court? Through appellate and airplane pilot jurisdiction. Mostly from appeals though sent from the court of appeals. Under what limited deal may the U.S. Supreme Court exercise original jurisdiction? When it accepts a suit if it feels a compelling reason to do so. Who determines the appellate jurisdiction of the U.S. Supreme Cou rt?What are some of the political and ideologic considerations involved in U.S. Supreme Court appointments? Generally their party affiliation and how they interpret the constitution. Does race, gender, religion, ethnicity matter in a Presidents nomination of a Supreme Court justice? Yes.Who are the present nine justices of the U.S. Supreme Court? What are their backgrounds? John G. Roberts Jr., Antonin Scalia, Anthony M. Kennedy, Clearance Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Steven G. Breyer, Samuel Anthony Alito Jr., Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan.RELIGIONWhy did the authors of the summit of Rights put religious shiftdom first in the First Amendment? It is more of an article of peace. It was principal(prenominal)ly to remove religion from politics. What are the wall of separation and accommodationist positions on the Establishment Clause? Wall of separation believes that church and state should be entirely separated. No affiliation between the two. Accommodationists believe that no r eligion should be favored, moreover all should be accommodated.Why have Americans had fewer problems with the Free Exercise Clause than with the Establishment Clause? Free Exercise clauses are only in effect if the religions practices dont get in the way of any laws. Establishment clauses include clauses that excuse kids from educate to go to church, this was very polemic because atheist children were left out. Much more controversy in establishment clauses. What are some of the issues raised by groups like the Amish (Wisconsin v. Yoder), Jehovahs Witnesses and other(a) religious minorities regarding interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause? These allowed laws to be bent for people of certain religions. Wisconsin v. Yoder allows Amish children to be excused from coach at 8th bulls eye vs. the age 16. Jehovahs Witnesses are allowed to be exempt from the draft due to their pacifism.Why did the U.S. Supreme Court rule against supplicant in the worldly concern schoolings in th e New York Regents prayer case (Engel v. Vitale, 1962)? It was said that New York could not write prayers. It is unconstitutional to do so.What was the nature of Madalyn Murrays objections to the Maryland school prayer/Bible readings law? Her son was left out. Also she was athiest and she viewed the bible as merely a storybook. Why did the Schempp family object to the Pennsylvania law? They felt it was in direct violation of the establishment clause in the first amendment, also it theologically went against the Schempps Unitarian views. What did the Supreme Court rule in the lad Murray-Schempp decision of 1963? It ruled 8-1 striking down both the Pennsylvania and Maryland laws requiring prayer.Under what circumstances may students have prayer at their high school graduation ceremonies? As long as its student-led and is non-sectarian. May students form prayer and Bible study groups and use public school facilities for their meetings? Yes. What was the Equal accession Act of 1984? I t required public secondary schools to allow religious groups to meet on school property if other groups exist. Even if one group is allowed to use the facilities, the school becomes a limited open forum where all groups can use the facilities. What did the Court rule when it was challenged in the 1990 Mergens case? 8-1 upholding the law. May public college officials cut through use of campus facilities to religious groups for Bible study and prayer meetings? No, it is discriminatory.One of the most controversial worlds is that of parochiaid, or state aid of various types to parochial schools. What three-part test did the Supreme Court devise in Lemon v. Kurtzman? It was called the Lemon Test where there must be a secular purpose rather than a religious purpose, the law cannot advance or inhibit religion, and government cannot be entangled in it. What was the want of the law, challenged in Lemon, authorizing partial payment (secular subjects only) of teachers salaries in parochia l schools? It was sick down. May state and local school districts finance bus rides for children attending non-public schools (Everson v. Board of Education of Ewing Township, NJ, 1947)? Yes. What is the child benefit theory? The law aids the school child rather than a particular religious group.What did the Court rule in June, 2002, in the landmark Cleveland, Ohio, School Voucher Reform Case, Zelman v. Simmons-Harris? It held that 5-4 that Cleveland program did not offend the establishment clause.Can public school students, on parental request, be released from class to attend religion classes, conducted on public school property, during the school day, where the program is supervised by public school administrators (McCullom v. Champaign, Ill., Board of Education)? No, it is not viewed to be abiding by separation of church and state laws. Can students, on parental request, be dismissed from classes to attend churches or synagogues, as part of a program of religious education in p ublic schools (Zorach v. Clauson)? Yes.Under what circumstances are courts likely to uphold or declare unconstitutional nativity displays on public property at Christmas time? Whether or not other religious symbols are there to balance it, also secular symbols like Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. What did the Supreme Court rule in Donnelly v. Lynch? It upheld the nativity scene on the basis that both religious and secular symbols. County of Allegheny, Pa. v. ACLU? The court concluded that the nativity scene with the words glory in the highest was promoting Christian religion, but the menorah was okay.In the area of free exercise of religion, can children of Jehovahs Witnesses be expelled from public schools for refusal to salute the American flag? Yes. Why do the Witnesses object to flag salutes or standing for the national anthem? They believe it violates one of the 10 commandments. What did our highest court rule in Minersville, Pa., School District v. Gobitis? 8-1 stating that on e could not refuse to sign allegiance to the flag. West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette? The court reversed itself, saying it was okay to excuse ones self from saluting the flag or standing at the national anthem due to religious notions.How did the Supreme Court broaden the rights of conscientious objectors during the Vietnam War? It allowed any passifists who were against not only one war, but all wars to be exempt from the draft rather than just religious passifists. What did the Court rule in the Seeger, Welsh and Gillette cases? Seeger ruled that a belief in a traditional God or religion was unnecessary in order to be exempt. Welsh held that humanistic conviction was equivalent to religion. In Gillette held that one must be meetd to all wars in order to be exempt.What did the Court hold in the Mormon polygamy case (Reynolds v. U.S.)? They ruled against it. Polygamy is felonious in Utah. Why did the Roberts Court grant a religious exemption from some civil righ ts laws in Hossana-Tabor v. E.E.O.C. (2012)? The separation between church and state allows this. look (SPEECH AND PRESS)There are a number of theories near how the First Amendments free idiom and constrict guarantees ought to be interpreted. What is the absolutist view, held by the American civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the late Justices Hugo Black and William O. Douglas? They rejected line-drawing, what the law says goes in a literal sense. when it says no law, it means no law. The two-tier theory, associated with the late political philosopher Alexander Meiklejohn? The press may say anything about the government. The line-drawing position, held by most judges? Establishing a number of standards to guide them between permissible and impermissible forms of free expression. What is meant by the pet freedoms concept? First amendment freedoms should be given potential treatment by the court because they are essential in a democratic society. What is commercial speech? Speech d one on behalf of an individual or a company in order to produce a profit.Why did John Stuart Mill oppose censorship in his classic work, On Liberty? John Stuart Mill believes that the majority should not always influence the minority because if the majority is wrong, then the true statement goes unheard, but if the majority is right, then the minority doesnt understand why they are wrong. What is the argument against the suppression of ideas that we find not only unpopular, but even hateful? All ideas must be allowed, even if those ideas are sexist, racist, or angering.If, as judges say, the line must be drawn somewhere and free expression is not an absolute value, then what guidelines have they used to draw that line? Anything can be said, even violent things, as long as there is no evidence of intention to commit lawless acts. The right to swing your arms ends right as my nose begins. What is the clear and present riskiness doctrine (Schenck v. U.S.)? Enacted during WWI which cr eated the Espionage act, where nobody could say anything that interfered with allied war efforts like encouraging young men to dodge the draft, or any other armed forces recruiting. The un modal(a)ness tendency test (Gitlow v. New York )?The government does not protect the expression which created a tendency toward illegal actions. The clear and probable danger test (Dennis v. U.S.)? The law prohibited the advocacy to overthrow the U.S. government and the conspiracy as well. What did the Supreme Court rule in the Smith Act cases of the 1950s? it is illegal to violently overthrow a government. 70 communists were convicted after this was established. What was the significance of Yates v. U.S.? Mere theoretical advocacy to overthrow the U.S. government by force and violence was a judicially protected right.What is the difference between liberty and license? Liberty means freedom under law ( the right to do something as long as nobody is hurt.) License is an abuse of liberty( such as l ibelous publication or slanderous speech).What is meant by the doctrine of no prior restraint on publication? A doctrine that states that published material does not have to be pre-screened in order to be published and viewed by the public. What was the significance of adept v. Minnesota? The court ruled that the press gag law was unconstitutional due to the fact that it restricts freedom of the press. New York Times-Washington Post v. U.S.? These newspapers published pentagon papers that were a study of the U.S. decision making in the Vietnam War. It embarrassed the President and the government. This resulted in the lifting of the district courts restraining order on the press due to the distress to prove that publication of the documents jeopardized national security. How and when can First Amendment values collide with those of the Sixth Amendment? The right of the defendant in a criminal case to a fair trial by an impartial jury of his or her peers. Sometimes, judges have conc luded, the press has conducted trial by newspaper.What are restrictive orders, called gag orders by the media? The courts force of the media to withhold certain information from being published for varying circumstances that may hinder a current court case or could cause damage to someones (possibly the governments) reputation What steps can trial judges take to protect the rights of the accused?Through right to reply laws, closing court rooms to the media, and implementing gag orders on certain subjects. Do reporters enjoy a privileged relationship with their sources? The supreme court says no, but there are shield laws that allows reporters to withhold certain information. What is the meaning of the phrase combustion the source? Giving up the identity of a journalists source so that person can be questioned in court. Can reporters be held in contempt of court and jailed for refusal to turn over notes, tapes, or to offer testimony when so ordered (Branzburg v. Hayes)? YesWhat, in theory, is the problem with shield laws? Some believe that it is a mistake to let the government grant immunity, this implies that the state can also withdrawal it. Can judges destination their motor inns to the press and public during preliminary proceedings (Gannett v. DePasquale)? Yes. Can judges close down a trial itself, excluding media and public (Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia)? No, the right to attend criminal trials is implicit in the grantee of the first amendment.Do television cameras in the courtroom prevent the defendant from receiving a fair trial? Sometimes, in the pre-trial stage, the jury is permeated with information about the case that will not allow a fair trial. What did the Supreme Court rule in Estes v. Texas and Chandler v. Florida? The overturning of the swindling conviction of petitioner Billy Sol Estes, holding that his 14th Amendment due process rights were violated by the publicity associated with the pretrial hearing. For Chandler v. Florida Canon ca meras and electronic media are permitted in the judicial proceedings subject to the control of the presiding judge. When are TV cameras permitted in the courtroom today? Always, but it can be taken away by the presiding judges accord. What is the situation with respect to Federal courts? Cameras are not allowed in federal courts.Do political candidates have the right to reply to editorial attacks by the media? Yes. What happened to the Florida law giving them such a right when it was challenged in Miami Herald v. Tornillo? It was now stricken down because a newspaper involves a crucial process of editorial judgment that may not be regulated by the state.What is meant by symbolic free expression? Expressing ideas by silent, non-verbal communication. What did the Supreme Court rule in the draft-card burning case (OBrien v. U.S.)? It was criminally illegal. Tinker v. Des Moines? Wearing drab arm-bands in protest of Vietnam could not be outlawed because this form of expression is silen t and caused little disruption. Do Americans have the right to burn the flag? Currently, Yes. What did the Supreme Court rule in Texas v. Johnson? It is legal free speech to desecrate a flag. U.S. v. Eichman? Flag desecration is a form of constitutional free speech. What was the fate of the Flag Protection Amendment? It fell 1 vote short with 66 for and 34 against. Only 3 republicans opposed it. How did Senators Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton vote on the measure? They both opposed the amendment.What are fighting words? Inflammatory speech inviting violence, which are not protected by the 1st and 14th amendments. Calling a ships officer a fascist is an example. What is hate speech? Speech that arouses anger, alarm, and resentment toward others on the basis of race, gender, creed, color, and religion. What did the Court decide in R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992) and Virginia v. Black (2003)? Supreme court ruled that the city statute against cross burning is unconstitutional, it in terferes with free speech rights. For Virginia v. Black, the court ruled that making a law against cross burning is not unconstitutional, but cross burning cannot be considered prima facie evidence of intent to discriminate.What did the Supreme Court rule in Snyder v. Phelps in 2011? Speech on the sidewalk about a public issue cannot be liable for a tort of emotional distress, even if the speech is outrageous. Court ruled 8-1 about it. Should free speech include the right to carry signs reading God Hates Fags, Thank God for Dead Soldiers, Thank God for 9-11? No.Have some universities, such as the University of Michigan and University of Wisconsin, gone too far in banning offensive speech (ethnic and racial slurs), according to the Federal courts? Yes, they are in violation of the first amendment.What is libel? Libel is false printed or broadcast statements that intend to damage someones reputation. Slander? False statements made by someone looking to damage someone elses reputation. What are the main elements which must be established to have actionable libel? defamation, identification, publication, and fault. What are the main defenses used by media in libel cases? That freedom of the press is paramount in a democratic society.What was the significance of New York Times v. Sullivan? It set a standard that one cannot sue a newspaper for libel unless one can address that he/she was the defamed party. What is actual malice? libelous remarks with knowledge that the remarks were false, or that there was lack of disregard on whether or not the remark was true. What is hot news (AP.v.Walker)? news that is current and controversial, but not always journalistically accurate. What is the prudent publisher rule (Butts v. Curtis Publishing Co.)? Publishers must follow the professional standards of journalism. This included verification of facts, particularly when the deadline is less than monumental.What part of the Bill of Rights guarantees American citizens immunity of Assembly? First amendment.m Freedom of Association? First amendment. Can cities require permits for parades, sound trucks and demonstrations? Yes Under what circumstances? To ensure peace and tranquility. Why did the ACLU argue on behalf of the Nazis in the Skokie, Illinois, case? They believed the Nazis potential to incite violence among the Jewish community did not warrant oppression of the right to assemble.Why was the Roberts Courts 2010 decision striking down part of the McCain-Feingold (Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission) so controversial? It allowed corporations to fund ads and movies for and against presidential candidates. How did President Obama react to the decision? He was very mad. He said foreign businesses are going to be funding these commercials now. What impact has this decision had on American elections? It has allowed much more money to be spent on elections. Rich corporations could potentially control an election.What was the impact of the courts striking down the Arizona Citizens Clean Elections Act? It left a lot of people angry. Stating that it was meant to level the playing field, not restrict Free Speech. Those who opposed the law said in a democracy, campaigning is not so-called to be a game.

Has the restructuring of gender relations and employment led to a restructuring of European Societies?

Over the last modus operandi of years we beget tick offn changes in the structure of grammatical sexuality dealing in European States. Has this restructuring had continual effects on other aspects of European Societies or has it been an isolated incident? This is what is in question here. In order to assess as to whether the restructuring of gender relations and employment has led to a restructuring of European societies we mustiness savor at what is meant by gender relations and how it has changed.The first aspect of gender relations that we post case at is the theories of gender difference. It is important for us to go back a number of years in order to collect how these theories start out developed and transformed into gender differences, as we know them today.Patriarchy is one of the first and most prominent theories of gender differences. This scheme is based on the historical belief that men argon better then women. This depose be seen in the way that institutions and organisations were established and in the way confederation initially only allowed men to vote, etc.Patriarchy was too attri justed to the biological differences between men and women. It was believed that womens maternal instinct led them to be weak and caring and could be overpowered by men, while men were aggressive and dominant and so would fight for their positions and to keep them.The biological differences to a fault contribute to womens lesser role in corporation through the fact that they were the ones who bore children. In order for society to grow and develop it was necessary for there to be ongoing growth and high fertility rates. This was the womens role, as well as caring and watching over the children and ensuring that they developed into contributing members of society. Historical patriarchy can explain much of the male empowerment in society but cannot be said to apply from the 1960s onwards.The changes that came near in and around the 1960s can be explain ed through Hakims Preference possible action as explained in her article Women, Work and the Family in Europe. She basis the differences in gender on five different factors1. Contraceptive Revolution2. Equal Opportunities Revolution3. expanding upon of White Collar Jobs4. Creation of Jobs for Secondary Earners5. Increasing Importance of Attitudes, Values and Personal Preferences in Lifestyle Choices of Prosperous Liberal Societies.The first two factors came about due to changes in science and values. They allowed women to control their fertility and made it a precondition of actual choice whether to have a child and if so when. This allowed women to come out the mouldforce and control when they left by controlling when they had a child. The Equal Opportunities Revolution was a precondition of the feminist movements of the 1960s, which changed values about gender jibeity, and then changed how women were treated in the workforce.The final three factors in Hakims Preference Theor y are also important in looking at whether the restructuring of gender relations and employment has led to a restructuring of European societies. The expansion of white-collar jobs and the creation of jobs for secondary earners in essence give women a more actualised choice to charter a job for income. This is important in the realisation that employment has changed, as it has now made it possible for women to both(prenominal) hold a job and look after a family.The final factor in Hakims Preference Theory refers to a move to individualisation, whereby ones identity is not formed by ones social root but by oneself. This can be attributed to Post Materialist Values. This is an important factor as is points to how women began to make choices that suited them and not unless do what they felt the must do in society.Each of the factors in Hakims Theory point towards the end of the Historical Patriarchy Theory of gender differences, as women were becoming more independent, were organis m given more freedom in relation to biological differences and also more opportunities.Another theory that could be applied from this point, where we saw changes in the get market in relation to gender, onwards is the Marxist theory. This theory is based upon a dual market theory. From a capitalist workers point of view they treasured to divide the labour market into two segments and pit them against one another so they were more likely to get better results.This was also a rule to develop skilled and unskilled labour. It was mostly men in this work force but in times when factory owners required more workers they would hollo in a reserve army of labour. This is where women came in, as they would work when it was necessitated for them to work, but not all the time. This theory again does not go as utmostther to explain the situation, as we know it today in Europe as we can see today that both men and women work and that it is not just a reserve army of labour that is required. The most developed and established theory of gender differences, and also possible the most appropriate in European Societies today, is the Weberian theory. This theory is based on the belief that different social groups compete with each other to gain positions of class status and political power. Women can be seen as a social group in their own right and so can be one of the groups who compete against others, i.e. men. This can be said to be the theory of gender difference in society today as shall be seen later we now see women competing alongside men for employment.So far we have looked at the gender differences in society, but it is also necessary for use to look at other aspects of gender relations. Another of theses is gender equality. straightaway there are a couple of different theories of gender equality in Europe. The first of these, and also the most minimalist of these, is equality of opportunities in reality sphere. This means giving women equal opportunities as men i n regards to gaining access to jobs, through education, labour market, politics etc.The next step on from this is equal opportunities and outcomes in the public sphere. This is the same as the previous theory but also allows for equal outcomes. This means that provisions are made to ensure that both genders receive equal treatment in the public labour market. This whitethorn be through state creation of jobs with quotas or laws and enforcements of gender equality.These two theories can be related to to liberal market based approach to society. These societies can be said to take a minimalist approach to gender equality, both only focusing on equality of opportunity or else only considering equality of treatment or outcome to be of very little importance. In about countries the equality of outcome provide only go as far as to mean no sexism or sexual harassment, and sometimes this may be regulated through laws.Examples of some countries who employ this approach to gender equalit y are Ireland and Great Britain. These societies have and seeing of what gender equality is and translate that it must be addressed, but do not have an extensive move towards complete gender equality.The final theory of gender equality and also most extensive theory is equal opportunities and outcomes in both the public and private sphere. This refers to the attempts to ensure equality of opportunities and outcomes in the public sphere, but also in the private sphere. This can mean provisions for childcare, parental leave, etc. allowing both men and women to compete with as much equal footing as possible.This theory of gender equality is most closely associated with the neo-Corporatist approach to gender relations. In this respect the state assumes the role of creating gender equality and makes a number of extensive provisions to allow for equal opportunities and outcomes in almost all areas of society though the resources of the welfare states.Examples of countries where this app roach can be found are in the Scandinavian countries such as Norway, Denmark and Sweden. In her article Dual Breadwinners between State and Market, Anne Lise Ellingstaeter makes reference to these three countries and their welfare states. She explains, in general there are several molds for modifying the tensions between employment and childcare. Three policy elements are central (1) time to care, (2) money for care, and (3) care services. (Lise Ellingstaeter, 1999 41) She then goes on to explain in some detail how the welfare state of these countries have restructured gender relations and employment by providing better care facilities, etc.In order to understand wherefore improved care facilities, money for care and time to care are so important in the restructuring of gender relations and employment we must attract that it was not always the case that women worked. For many years there was simply the belief that there was one breadwinner in a family, and that was the man. This can be related back to the historical patriarchy theory, but as we have already seen this theory on gender differences has developed into the Marxist theory and the Weberian theory, and we can understand that the breadwinner model has also developed.In her article The Modernisation of Family and Motherhood in Western Europe, Brigit Pfau- Effinger develops the Beyond Breadwinner Model. This model goes beyond Hakims Breadwinner Model to a less conventional Dual Breadwinner Model using gender division of labour and gender relations. The different models can be characterised as1. Family Economic Model2. Male- Breadwinner/ Female- Carer3. Male- Breadwinner/ Female- Part timepiece4. Dual- Breadwinner/ State Carer, or Market Carer5. Dual- Breadwinner/ Dual Carer(Pfau- Effinger, 1999 62-63)The first of these models, the Family Economic Model, is the very traditional model that is most closely associated with farming and family orientated business. In this model it is believed that all mem bers of the family take part in all aspects of the family life including generating income.The Male- Breadwinner/ Female- Carer model is also a traditional model and can be said to be related to Hakims Breadwinner Model. This model places men as the earners in the family and women as the carers. While societies have developed from this what must be realised is that women still do have a choice in what they do, and that even though this model may be dying it can still be seen significantly in society today. 43% of households in Ireland still apply to this model. As already stated Ireland takes a Liberal approach to gender equality and so it may attributed to this. It may, however, have other factors to realise.Hakim puts forth the theory that there are different types of women who focus on different aspects of life. She claims that 10-30% of women are home centred, i.e. that they do not regard to work, but instead want to stay at home and look after the family. She goes on to explai n that the other two theories are that 10-30% of women are work orientated and that 14-18% are adaptive. While the first group of women explains the Male -Breadwinner/ Female- Carer Model, the other two categories explain the following models.In their article Employment, Careers, and Families The Significance of Choice and bashfulness in Womens Lives, Crompton and Harris put forward the theory that there are, three qualitatively different types of working(a) women, the committed, the uncommitted, and the drifters or adaptives. (Crompton and Harris, 1999 131) These different theories on the different types of workingwomen are contributing factors in understanding the different models of gender relations. What is also a factor that must be considered in this regard is the states approach towards gender relations.The Male-Breadwinner/ Female- Part timer can be said to have developed from the growth of equal opportunities and the expansion of white-collar jobs. This model allows for women to be part of the work force while also taking care of the family. The growth of the model has come from the growth of the group of women known as adaptives or drifters.The most dramatic changes of the structure of society in relation to gender relations and employment can be connected with the final two models. In both of these models women are dual- breadwinners. This means that these women would be committed women in the sense that they part take full time in employment.In the Dual-Breadwinner/ State Carer or Market Carer Model, it is the states approach to gender equality and relations that in effect defines who it is that looks cares for the children. As already stated the Scandinavian countries can be said to have the most overall approach to gender equality by providing for childcare. The state either provides direct childcare facilities or pays for childcare. This ensures that women have equal opportunities and outcomes in relation to employment.Other countries, howeve r, take a different approach, as they see child care as a market of its own. Ireland is a good example of one of these countries, as people pay other s to look their children so creating a demand for nannies, which then necessitates people to be trained to look after the children. The state can also take the approach of accept that it is womens jobs to look after the children and so will pay them to stay at home and look after them. This can be said to be not promoting the more progressive models and reverting back to the previous simple Male-Breadwinner Model.The final model of Dual-Breadwinner/ Dual- Carer is the ideal model, which as of yet cannot be said to have been fully implemented in any country. The closest that has come so far are in the Scandinavian countries whereby equal opportunities and outcomes does not only apply to women, but also to men.Overall what can be said is that over the last few decades there have been a number of changes in relation to gender and employ ment. This can be seen from the changes in gender development, gender equality, and also the changes in values, science and society. All the these changes have led to changes and restructuring of European Societies through changing peoples attitudes towards women working and also in how working women are treated and provided for.This largely depends on the states attitude toward gender equality and treatment, and what has been seen is that different European countries take different approaches to this, and so while European Societies are restructuring they are doing so at a different pace. It not only depends on the states attitude, however, but also those of employers. While women may have so far shown themselves to be equally able as men in a number of jobs there are still number of obstacles in their way at management level, i.e. the Glass Ceiling.Another aspect of these societies that can be said to be changing is in the family life. Previously it was strongly felt that men wen t out and worked and that women stayed at home and watched over the children. The increased numbers of women working has changed this approach and now many children are influenced by members out of doors of the family and by school. It has yet to be seen how this will affect society in the future, but what may be seen is a reduction of the emphasis that is placed on the family.And so while it can be said that there the restructuring of gender relations and employment has led to a restructuring of European Societies, there is still a way to go before we seen complete gender equality. As well as this there are also a number of changes to European Societies, which will inevitably come about due to this restructuring, and how this will be seen will be interesting to assess.

Lecture Notes

Scientific Investigation of mental processes and look and how they Lancaster uses tools and research methods to understand mental processes & behavior Has a biological boundary (changing nature of arranging impacts way we behave and who we are) and a heathen boundary (culture shapes human behavior) Psychology is almost understanding a persons biological make-up, their psychological experience and function and cultural background Brief History Psychology has stemmed from philosophical roots and philosophical questions (1)Free will or determinism Do wad freely choose their behavior or Is It characterized from lawful patterns? (2) Mind-Body Problem- How do mental and psychical elements interact?Germany was center of psychological research and thinking In the early stages (19th century) Structuralism (Wilhelm Wound 1832- 1920) bewilder of experimental psychology Focus on elements and introspection of consciousness experience (report of stimulus) 1879 Wilhelm Wound established t he first ever laboratory of psychology Functionalism William James (1842-1910) Criticized Wounds management on elements and consciousness to behavior Instead of focalise n structure of consciousness rather think why (behavior)Strong emphasis on function on mental processes in adapting to the environment Gestalt psychology the whole Is bigger than the elements that form the whole Perception and creating meaning as human beings Experiment orientated Psychodrama horizon Sigmund Freed (1856-1939) Not eitherthing we think, feel and remember we are aware of (unconscious), some aspects of hidden events from us causing anxiety (mental processes in conflict) Dynamic Interplay between consciousness and unconsciousness Past events become part of unconsciousness (find them, relive and talk through)Lecture NotesRevenge bullying Get relieve of them, get them of the streets Retribution Just desserts Justice, proportionate The punishment must fit the umbrage It must be proportionate Contra vention of social order requires pay back to society or volt Deterrence Threat of punishment will prevent future crime Hedonistic calculus If the pleasure out ways the pain deterrence is ineffective global Deterrence, and Specific You see a friend commit a crime and you dont want to Specific Is you Certainty, Celerity, Severity These need to be close together In order for deterrence to be affective certainty Is he most important if you are certain you are going to get caught, you drug abuse do it. Does deterrence work?Sometimes it does work (they get out, and they dont want to go back) and sometimes it doesnt work (people sometimes bargain with the judge to get put into fling longer, or they go back to crime) Incapacitation (Prison) Symbolic denouncement of act communicated to offenders and society through use of punishment In the sense of freedom we as people of society we value our freedom, and taking it away is tough on a lot of people Imprisonment, deprivation of liberty Remo ve problem elements from society refilling Address underlying causes facing the offender Focus on offender, not crime Assumes transformation potential of rehabilitation within a relatiative context of use The problem with rehabilitation is that it believes that you mass rehabilitate someone in a prison setting where you got people in an anxious setting etc. ND it becomes a lot more challenging Justice Policies Trend in Policies There is more emphasis on incapacitation, retribution, deterrence Rehabilitation, reparation overshadowed Less focus on solving problems of crime Belief that vindictive punishment is most appropriate response to crime Trend in US ND send awayada toward punitive approaches New Pensiveness From mid-sasss Claim of global trend toward harsher CA sanctions More and more punishment is increased, some states in the U. S have totally gotten rid of community sanctions and probation Increase use of prison, more crimes result in prison, increase prison lengths, man datory minimums More and more punishment is increased, some states in the U. S have totally gotten rid of community sanctions and probation Shaming initiatives, austere prison regimes For example in Arizona they make their inmates wear pink suits Zero tolerance strategiesZero tolerance means they have to report everything even if its a push fight Three strikes legislation If you do two drab offences on the third serious offence you get a life sentence Use of capital punishment It does not have an effect on crime rates In Canada the death penalty did not have an impact on crime rates In states for the first two weeks it would go down and then it would go right back to where it was Harsh CSS policies are response to increasing world disorder, rising crime, deterioration of moral framework Leap backward, shift away from control Stretching the limits of punishment Tough Justice War on Drugs in 1971 Drug offences is what is driving the crime rates in the U. S out the cover Crack is apply by the overturn class people Cocaine is used by the middle and upper class The police are targeting the lower class that is using crack So the prisons and sanctions in the U.S is filled with the minority people, such as blacks and Latinists Tough on crime policies and election platforms 1980 = 40,000, 2008 = 500,000 Simon prison used to target race Relationship between Get Tough and Crime Rates Little kin between crime and internment rates There is no relationship with how tough you are on crime and the crime rate. You can e as tough as you want but it will not put a dent on the crime rate. High welfare spending = low incarceration rates Greater inequality = higher incarceration rates Inefficient move away from pensiveness Example Texas vs California Texas spent a lot of money on offences, which in turn had nil effect on the crime rate, where as California spent no money, and they had the same rates as Texas who spent a lot of money Canada youth incarceration rate Canada put in place laws and barriers that stated you cant put children under the age of 12 in Jail.Criminal Responsibility Category Age Children under 12 None Youth 12-17 Diminished Adults 18+ Full Legal Legal Classification of Criminal Offences Offence Hearing Punishment Summary tyke court Judge $2000 both Indictable (Felony U. S term both mean the same thing) Less serious provincial court Judge closely serious provincial superior court by federally appointed Judge All others Judge without Jury Up to Life Hybrid Can be summary or indictable Prosecutor discretion Record, circumstances Varies Cocoas Representations of Crime Lecture 3 Non. 29) Epistemology Study of knowledge What do we know well-nigh crime? How do we know what we know? How do we acquire our knowledge? What are its limitations?Common Sources News Word of mouth Problems with Understanding Crime incomprehensible Subject of inquiry is deliberately Insight Criminals have little insight into the broader nature of their beh avior What does one murderer know about another toll Access in costly, time consuming and partial Scope Much crime lies beyond the scope of research Access Sociologists cannot pass effortlessly into every situation Barriers exist within social worlds Representation Social worlds are not representative Official Sources of Crime Statistics The Crime Funnel Citizens detect crime A lot of people do not report crime, for reasons being Fear Can resolve it on your own Police might/wont do anything about it May not think its a crime/dont define it as a crime Street youth, they dont trust the police because they are victimized If you are engaging in criminal behavior you wont report crime to the police.Uniform Crime Reports Standardized counts of crime known to police National statistics about crime Applies standard definitions to all offences Counts used to determine crime rates The Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics Limitations Mainly the crime funnel Justice system does not give an a ccurate portrayal of crime Unreported crime The dark figure of crime Self-Report Surveys Asks people about the crimes they have committed You can get peoples attitude etc Who commits the most crime Young Adults Identifies some unreported crimes (dark figure) Measure attitudes and prevalence of offending (primary peers) Factorization Surveys Asks victims about crimes they did not report betoken that a large number of crimes are not reported Example Canadian Urban Factorization Survey Direct Measures Economic loss, physical injury, blank space damage Indirect Measures Fear of crime and its effects People dont want to be alone at night Lock the doorsEstablish new expectations and measurements for police effectuality Increase understanding and trust between police and immunity leaders Empower and strengthen community-based efforts Commitment to long-term proactive prevention strategies Decentralized trading operations and management Develop new skills in police Racial and Criminal Pr ofiling Racial Criminal Any action undertaken for reasons of safety, security or public protection, that relies on stereotypes about race, color, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, or place of origin, or a combination of these, rather than on a reasonable suspicion, to single out an individual for greater scrutiny or different treatment.Relies on actual behavior or on information about suspected activity by someone who tests the translation of a specific individual. What is Racial Profiling? Based on stereotypical assumptions because of ones race, color, ethnicity, etc. Evidence of disproportionate stops When is it profiling? B, women in spousal relationship killed, airport Good police work or self-fulfilling prophecy Intuition, suspicion Visibility, definition If you are a young black male with an teaching you are more likely to be stopped by police. ** By in large police officers in Canada are intelligent hard workings people who want to serve Justice to the general public. **

Is Our Society to Dependent of Computers Essay

Is Our Society too Dependent on Computers? Computers ingest found their route into honourable ab come forth every aspect of our lives, and in intimately cases, they clear matters easier for us. They allow people to work from home, socialize with friends and family, and they provide an ever-welcome stress relief from school or work. Since their invention, people far and wide have become increasingly dependent on culture processing systems. Children today ar growing up in a ground where computing devices be needed to do everything from controlling vicious heat seeking missiles to saving lives.The computing machines role in education is growing with increasing investments and technological innovation. The computer is a good thing, but the world must proceed with caution and a critical eye. As people increasingly rely on computers to achieve through the day, the question begs to be asked is our society too dependent on computers? Despite the many benefits of computers, the re ar also a number of arguments against them, champion of which is the negative assemble some believe they are having on childrens education. Illit durationcy is a growing issue, and many say that computers are to blame.In the noncurrent few years, many teachers have come acrossn to shuffling their students off to a computer to type out short, quick assignments that could easily be written out by hand. While this is not much of an issue for older students, it is an issue for the younger students who are full learning to read and write. Regardless of how much we are coming to rely on computers, printing and handwriting are a necessary skill to have. But typing out assignments has an effect on much(prenominal) than just the ability to print it can also negatively impact their spelling and grammar.While most programs now have spelling and grammar-check, they are not foolproof they cannot differentiate between groups of words that have the same spelling but different meanings and leave behind often beats suggest corrections that are not, in fact, correct. Furthermore, information is often more easily and accurately remembered when children have to spend a little time writing it out by hand, kind of than a few quick minutes typing away at a keyboard. Beca enjoyment of these factors some believe, computers in school should be reserved for older students, monthlong assignments, or classes which specifically teach how to use a computer.Another case against computers arises when a persons interest in computers goes too far and becomes an obsession. Computers steel it possible to do many things from the comfort of our own home we can shop online, turn back in touch with our friends online, unconstipated go to school online. They make it easier to record and organize information and entertain us with a nearly endless variety of games. However, it is still important to maintain a life external of the cyber world.When a computer becomes the central point of a persons life, they undergo a change in behavior they become idle and move up anti-social tendencies, and, in some severe cases, simply cannot function without a computer. It is a common thing seen in children who have been allowed to spend too much time on the computer, watching television, or playing video games but when it comes time to walk away, they throw temper tantrums. But it is not just a enumerate of behavioral changes, when a person cannot tear themselves away from the screen long enough to take part in any other activity, it can take a toll on their health.They may experience weight gain, strained eyes, and headaches, among other unpleasant side-effects. Computers can also have a negative effect on the environment. Firstly they are a major source of energy consumption. Whole buildings are full of desks running computers day and night, causing a major drain on our natural resources. New computers become outdated far too quickly. Manufacturers are developing hardwa re at such a long rate that people feel the need to upgrade. After upgrading the old hardware is obsolete and is usually disposed of.There are a lot of subtle substances that make up a modern computer, and these should, but are not always disposed of correctly. Many end up in landfills. These are just examples of issues with household computers. Instead of writing a check, people whip out their debit/ credit cards to pay for things when they are short on cash. What happens when the lucre goes down and they are stuck in the checkout line with two hundred dollars worth of groceries, and no way to pay for them because they do not have a blank check?What happens when everyone is driving their fancy, futuristic cars that run on a computer chip and something goes wrong? In a few hundred years, will anyone know how to drive the cars of today? People put their computers through a lot of grief because they dont quite know what theyre doing when they set to fix a problem or clean up their hard drive, but there are also errors in programming, bugs that need to be unyielding long after the product is out on the market, and there are always people trying to ruin a perfectly good thing with nasty computer viruses.Perhaps the most convincing argument, however, is the issue of safety. Aside from the issue of sharing personal information such as full label and addresses, there is also the bigger issue of stolen personal information. As our dependence on computers grows, so does our comfort level with them, people are more potential to save personal information to our computer. While it would be nice to think that it is always perfectly safe to do so, the fact is that there are predators that have any number of ways to gain access to personal files, and therefore, any personal information stored on your computer.Even if you do not knowingly keep any personal information on your computer, if you bank or shop online at all, it is possible for someone who knows what they are doing to gain access to delicate monetary information. There is also the threat of younger computer users being introduced to violence and sex. As many negative aspects as there are against computers there are also positive ones. The first computers differed drastically from the ones we are accustomed to using. They were so massive that they occupied whole rooms or buildings and were also relatively slow. straightaway they can perform many complex operations simultaneously and there are numerous jobs that could not be done without the aid of a computer. reckon how much paper would be wasted and how many trees would have to be cut down just to save the information that is today saved on a computer. Computers can also calculate and process information red-hot and more accurate than a human. There is an ever-increasing desire to get children jut outed learning early, even before schools start.Pre-Kindergarten programs or parent teaching is necessary for preschoolers to be prepared for a kindergarten curriculum that no longer starts with the absolute basic skills and knowledge. Kindergarten has a more advanced curriculum than it did years ago, and applied science is available to help parents teach kids the basics before they ever go to school. There are many educational websites that feature games based on math, spelling, color recognition, reading and other basic educational necessities that children enjoy playing.Getting practice in this way, prior to enrollment, allows school systems to start at a higher level. The easy access and sharing capability of the Internet allows students to access study guides, tests and even grades through their computers. In addition to make these materials available to students on their home computers, there is the fact that this technology allows schools to save money on printing and save time on distributing paper copies of everything a student needs to know. Not every student has the same mental and physical ability.There fore, there must be ways to convey information and allow for completion of work that vary with some students. Technology plays an important role in providing assistive devices to learning or physically disabled students. The computer era has unveiled new career dimensions. Specialists are required by companies, organizations, governments and other bodies to run the computer innovations in these areas. Globalization has resulted to a more search and accessibility of international career opportunities. Through the Internet, organizations can advertise their job vacancies to the society regardless of border limits.They can source for manpower from all the spheres of the world. Timely and up to date information is now moved from one point to another in order to reach the intended audience. The core issue is that, there is faster and convenient transmission of this data to the destination point. Think of for example, the Internet, you log on to the Web and minutes after, you have writte n down your content and placed the ship button and instantaneously its delivered to the another part of the world. This is truly amazing. Another area computers impact is the entertainment area.Most people like science fiction or action movies, especially the ones with the neat looking effects. Well, those graphics were mostly made by computers. Most of the movies today use computer graphics to make things more realistic. Computer graphics are mostly utilise to create spaceships, aliens, monsters, and special effects. Movies like Jurassic Park, Starship Troopers, Star Wars SE, and the latest Star Trek Movies used computers to make them look more interesting and realistic. There are even movies completely made by computers like Toy Story and A Bugs Life.Finally, the most signigicant role computers play is in the medical field. Their uses include storing patient related data, housing knowledge bases, scanning and imaging the body, and facilitating speedy communications. Patient recor ds are stored on computer databases in the medical field. Details of the medications prescri know are stored together with details of any that cannot be prescribed. Appointments are scheduled using a computer database. Billing information is also stored. Hospitals and surgeries depend on computers for administrative and financial functions.Hospital monitoring equipment is often based on computer programming. Emergency alarms, bed beeping systems and X-ray machines are all examples of equipment using computer technology. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer tomography (CT) employ computer software. High-resolution images are achieved with the use of sophisticated computers and infrared cameras. Some surgical procedures are even computer guided. Computers also monitor heart rates, pulse rates and brain readings. It would be or so impossible for a human to do this.Computer networking facilitates fast communication. Doctors on opposite sides of the world can communicate instan tly via the internet. Images and messages can be transfer in seconds and conclusions can be reached speedily. Computers are also used in the medical field in the manufacture of medications. Patients benefit from readily available information on the internet. Computer applications help in research studies. Computers are a must have in every medical profession. Computers have impacted the way we live on a large scale.You will find computers in hospitals, libraries, schools and banks, each running tasks that would be difficult for people to do on their own. The computer has been widely considered as one of the greatest inventions of the 21st century, but it also is blamed for many day-to-day problems and even tragic events. As computer technology advances, the effects will continue to change the world for better or worse. One thing is apparent computers and the technologies they possess are not going anywhere therefore society will become increasingly dependent upon them.

Developmental Psychology and Early Childhood Education Essay

Introduction The first six years of life ar critical years of human life since the regulate of culture in these years is more than rapid than at any other st maturate of training. Global brain research also informs us approximately the significance of early years for brain instruction. archean babyhood C ar and reproduction (ECCE) makes a positive contribution to peasantrens long term festering and encyclopaedism by facilitating an enabling and stimulating milieu in these foundation stages of lifelong larn.Parents as health care providers are critical in providing a stimulating learning environment to the pip-squeak and the first two and a half to three years quest not be in a formal learning environment. The case course of study Framework acknowledges the significance of involvement of parents, family and community. The curriculum at the early electric shaverishness stage helps to look into opportunities for holistic learning and growth.The ECCE programme n ecessarily to be determined by kidskinrens developmental and contextual needs, providing for more need based inputs and an enabling environment. Given this need for an individualised shape up, it was believed that a coarse curriculum would not be appropriate for exclusively. However, over the years it has been observed that the practical realities are different and almost of the ECCE programmes on offer currently do not watch developmentally appropriate programmes for the young child.The vacuum created by a lack of curriculum framework has resulted in its being filled with all a minimalist programme or the downward extension of the primary stage curriculum. To ensure optimal development for all children, there is a need to create a planned curriculum framework, encompassing developmentally appropriate knowledge and skills, with flexibility for contextualization. A curriculum framework is also required to ensure that important learning areas are covered, taking care of all the developmental needs of the young child.It also facilitates adoption of a common pedagogical progression to reach for a certain level of feature and address the widespread diversity in the ECCE programmes operational for the young children in India. This plan Framework is in line with the Governments vision of ECCE as spelt out in the National early(a) Childhood Care & rearing Policy and is a broad framework of basic guidelines for curricular goals, programme means, classroom practices, parent guidance 4 ahead of time Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012and instructor preparation across different provisions and across all regions.The purpose of this open framework is to instigate quality and excellence in early childhood education by providing guidelines for practices that would promote optimum learning and development of all young children and set out the broad governing body of approaches and experiences rather than detailed formation of the content. A cautiou s approach is being adopted to not provide a detailed curriculum/syllabus which would be prescriptive and delivered to the young children in a straight jacketed manner.The Curriculum Framework calls attention to the common principles and developmental tasks, at the same time, honouring the diversity in the child rearing practices and contextual ECCE needs. Each programme is expected to develop its own curriculum to meet the needs of its children, their families, the specific setting, the linguistic culture and the local community. However, the programmes should be based on the curriculum principles and guidelines laid down in this framework.This Framework is a dynamic document and would be continually reviewed and evolved in the light of emerging needs. Also, with the adoption of the framework, good example studies of emerging best practices will follow and learnings from them would further strengthen the framework. This Framework is firmly focussed on the needs of the child and s hould lead to improved quality of learning and increased attainment of learning outcomes for children participating in ECCE programmes.The other components for the holistic ECCE programme such as nutrition, health and care are to be ensured by cross reference from related instruments. Objectives of previous(predicate) Childhood Education The aim of Early Childhood Care and Education is to facilitate optimum development of the childs full potential and pose the foundation for all round development and lifelong learning. This aim is to be achieved finished enabling the child to ? Develop a positive self-concept. ? Establish a sound foundation for a good physique, adequate muscular coordination and basic motor skills.5 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 ? Imbibe good health habits and basic life skills/ self-help skills necessary for personal social ad solelyment. ? Enhance vocal and non- verbal communication skills which would facilitate expression of thoughts and feelings in fluent, correct, clear speech. ? Develop the five gumptions and cognitive skills and concepts which are foundation for higher bless thinking and argument. ? Develop stimulated maturity by guiding the child to express, understand, accept and control feelings and emotions.? Imbibe values, social attitudes and manners important in his/her socio cultural context and to become polished to rights and privileges of others. ? Develop independence, aesthetic appreciation and creativity by providing child with sufficient opportunities for self-expression and mobile exploration, investigation and experimentation. ? Make a smooth transition from preschool to primary done development of emergent literacy and school readiness. Principles of Early Learning Learning begins from birth From infancy children are mentally and physically active.They learn through all their senses and stimulations. Children pull in knowledge They construct their own knowledge or working models while they actively engage in their environment and through repeated fundamental interactions with people and materials. This plainly means that children touch, taste, shake things and so on to find out what happens and learn somewhat things in their environment. Childrens curiosity and desire to learn Children are curious and eager to learn. They have an inherent need to make sense of their experiences and learn about the piece around them.Children learn through shirk Play is central to the childs well-being and development Childrens spontaneous play provides opportunities for exploration, experimentation, manipulation and problem solving that are essential for constructing knowledge. Play contributes to the development of representational thought. 6 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 Child development and learning are characterized by individual variation No two children are same. Each child has an individual pattern and timing of growth and development as well as individual styles of learning.Childrens personal, family experiences and cultural backgrounds also vary. Childrens learning reflects a recurring spiral that begins in awareness, and moves to exploration, to inquiry, and finally, to application. Any new learning by children begins with awareness, which is generated from their experiences with objects, events, or people and ends with utilization, where children are able to use what they have learnt for multiple purposes and apply their learning to new situations.At this stage children start exploring the next level of information and the spiral continues. Children need to experience success more than failure to form a positive self-concept The experiences should be planned in accordance with the maturational level of the children, such that they are challenging yet achievable, so as to promote self-confidence. When children have confidence in themselves, they do better. They are eager to try new and harder things they gain new skil ls and become more overconfident and capable.Children develop holistically and benefit from integrated experiences and education Learning and development of children takes place in totality. All the domains of development i. e. physical, motor, cognitive, language, socio-personal, emotional and fictive and aesthetic appreciation are interrelated and take place simultaneously. Curriculum Content The curriculum must address the following interrelated domains of holistic development through an integrated and play based approach which focuses on development of life skills.? Physical and Motor growing Gross motor skills coordination of fine muscles with dexterity eye hand coordination sense of balance, physical co-ordination, and awareness of space and direction nutrition, health status and practices. ? Language education Listening and comprehension oral skills/speaking and communicating vocabulary development pre- literacy/emergent literacy skills like phonological awareness print awareness 7 and concepts letter- sound Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 correspondence cite of letters building words and sentences and early writing.Introduction to language of school transaction. ? Cognitive Development Development of various concepts including pre sum up and number concepts and operations (knowledge and skills related to comparing, classification, seriation, conservation of space and quantity, one to one correspondence counting) spatial sense patterns and estimations in measurement data handling skills related to sequential thinking, critical thinking, observing, reasoning and problem solving and knowledge about concepts and physical, social and biological environment.? Socio-Personal and Emotional Development Development of self-concept selfcontrol life skills/ self-help skills habit formation initiative and curiosity exponentiation and persistence cooperation compassion social relationships group interaction pro- social behaviour expressi ng feelings, accepting others feelings. ? Sensorial Development Development of the five senses through opthalmic, auditory and kinesthetic experiences. ? Development of Creative and Aesthetic Appreciation Exploring different art forms, develop dispositions, expression and appreciation for artistic, dance/ drama and musical activitiesPhysical & Motor Development Creative and Aesthetic Appreciation Language Development Socio-Personal Development Cognitive Development Emotional Development 8 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 ECCE is.. A balanced play based programme of language, cognitive, creative and psychomotor activities A child centered programme catering to individual childrens learning &emotional needs through individual, small and large group activities and one to one communication. A school readiness programme which readies children for learning to read, publish and do arithmetic later.A programme which indirectly promotes self-control and thereby inner d iscipline in children through interactions. ECCE is not.. A syllabus sharpness programme for didactics 3Rs nor a song and a rhyme and go home approach. A teacher midpointd programme that follows formal classroom approach as in school A program for formally teaching reading, writing and arithmetic, which is to be done in primary. Not a programme which demands implicit obedience or exercise strict classroom discipline (Source Kaul, V. (2010) Early Childhood Education Programme.National Council for Educational Research and Training) The ECCE programme should ensure holistic development of the child and reflect the inseparable nature of care and education by comprehensively addressing the need for care, nutrition, health and well-being of young children and parent way along with supporting the development of all domains. The holistic development approach is vital for provision of interconnected and interrelated activities covering all domains of development. Suggestive develo pmentally Appropriate/Age appropriate Activities for ECCE For Children Under 3 years ?Focus on health, nutrition and early psycho social stimulation through unaffixed play and a lot of adult child interaction. Eg. s. , (baby games, traditional songs & syllables, access to variety of play materials, individualized adult attention and interaction, opportunities to explore, early introduction to stories, infant books, drawings etc. ) in safe, spacious and clean environment. 9 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 For Children between 3 to 4 years ? plotted play based programme for all round development with more of free play. Continuous opportunities, more free but some guided, for adult child, child to childBasic Tenets of Curriculum Development ? Based on needs and capacities of young children ? Recognition of special features of childrens thinking ? Mix of formal and familiar interaction ? Familiarity and challenge in everyday rhythm ? Primacy of experience rather th an expertise ? Developmentally appropriate practice and flexibility ? Use of local material, arts and knowledge which reflect the diversity and culture of the children. Source Position Paper, National Focus Group on ECCE, 2005 interaction and interaction with play materials and environment through a variety of individual, small group and large group activities.? Opportunities to listen to stories, learn rhymes, create, indulge in imaginative play, ask questions, do simple problem solving, experiment to promote active and interactive learning and generally have a feel good experience for a positive self-image. For Children between 4 to 6 years Moving towards an change magnitude ratio of adult guided vs. free play activities, and more of large group activities for 4-5 year old and focussed more on specific school readiness for 5-6 year old, with increasing complexity in all of above. ? Reading Readiness e.g. picture sound matching, shapes, phonetics increasing vocabulary verbal expr ession, developing bond with and interest in reading through picture books, storytelling, charts etc. 10 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 ? Writing Readiness e. g. eye hand coordination, interest in writing, left to right directionality. ? Math developing skills in classification, seriation, pattern making, reasoning, problem solving, forming concepts pre number and number concepts and space concepts and vocabulary, environment concepts.? Motor development fine motor development through activities such as beading, pegboards and puzzles and large muscle development through running, jumping, balancing activities etc. ? Creativity and aesthetic appreciation Creative drama, cultural activities, field trips etc. The programme should be relevant to individual and societal needs. The age demarcations are indicative and the activities have to be planned according to the developmental level of the children. Principles of Programme Planning ? ? ? The activities should be ag e and developmentally appropriate.Activities fostering all domains of development should be appropriately planned. The attention span of young children is 15-20 minutes therefore the duration of activities should be 20 minutes, with additional time allotted for rambling up and initiation of the next activity. However, the programme should allow space and flexibility for need based variations. ? There should be a balance between unified and unstructured active and quiet outdoor and indoor self-directed and adult initiated learning opportunities and individual, small group and large group activities. ? ? ? ? The experiences should progress from simple to complex.A wide range of individual and group experiences should be planned which are related to the childs environment, are enjoyable and challenging for children. Routine fosters a sense of security in children. Therefore some routine should be followed in the daily programme. The ECCE programme should never be rigid. 11 Early Chil dhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 ? The duration of the pre-school programmes should be 3 to 4 hours. The programme should provide for some rest period during the day and if it is of longer duration, as a full day programme, then a nap time is to be ensured. ?Learning opportunities should be interconnected, linking learning experiences across developmental domains in a meaningful context, reflecting the real life context of the children. ? The language used should be the mother tongue of the child. Efforts should be made to extend their language sensitively and record the school language gradually to facilitate school readiness. ? Curriculum goal and objectives should guide classroom emergence and assessment of the children. The curriculum should be implemented in a manner that reflects responsiveness to family/ home values, beliefs and experiences.? The programme should provide opportunities for exploration and experiential learning, promoting active engagement with peopl e and objects in the environment. Outcomes of Early Childhood Education Curriculum Children who ? ? ? Communicate effectively Display emergent literacy skills, mathematical skills and scientific temperament Express emotions in socially acceptable manner, are socially adaptational and cooperative ? Have physical control, strength and healthy habits Pedagogical Approaches The curriculum adopts a play and activity based approach.Children are visualised as active beings who construct their own knowledge and the process of teaching learning is one of co-construction of knowledge, with adults as facilitators. 12 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 discordant approaches are practised for transacting the Early Childhood Education programme. Some commonly adopted approaches are Montessori Method This method is characterized by an emphasis on independence, independence within limits, and respect for a childs natural psychological development and is transacted through specia lised sensorial material.Regio Emillia Based on the work of Loris Mallaguzi, this is a constructivist approach which focuses on creation of a learning environment that enhances and facilitates childrens construction of their own thinking through the combination of communicative, expressive and cognitive languages as they engage actively with people, material and environment. Progressive Method This is an eclectic approach which draws from the major child development theories. Recognizing the many paths of learning, latest researches and contemporary work lay the foundation of this framework.Thematic Approach Integrated themes and projects form the core content of the curriculum. These themes should enable the children to make meaningful connections among the different concepts and develop holistic understanding of the world around them. The curriculum should be flexible and responsive to the needs of the children in the class. It is to be constructed to suit the diverse social, cult ural, linguistic contexts in the country, and initiate integrated learning.A programme can adopt any of the above mentioned approaches to transact the curriculum. An integrated daily/ weekly/ monthly programme should be prepared with a well-rounded selection of learning experiences that strengthen all domains of development and are age and developmentally appropriate. The activities for different domains and concepts should be planned purposefully to enable a child to actively engage with and experience the concepts. These will help to consolidate the learning and lay the foundations for future.Caution should be observed to not equate the curriculum to just an exercise of organising activities, rather it should be viewed as a planned and purposeful handling and adult child and child to child interaction to facilitate the process of knowing, understanding and construction of knowledge by the children. The aim of the curriculum should be to foster 13 Early Childhood Education Curric ulum Framework 2012 development through integrated activities rather than mere completion of worksheets or repetitive exercises and activities.To address the needs of the large group of children in one class and multi-age setting, the system would be to conduct the activities in large group, small group and individual level. Essential Play and Learning Material In early childhood stage, a child learns through interacting with immediate environment hence environment should be stimulating and should have a variety of materials to arouse and sustain the childs curiosity, interest and promote his learning. ? Adequate supply of developmentally appropriate play materials to foster all round development should be available at the ECCE centre ?The materials should be safe, clean and in good conditions. Sufficient quantity should be available to work in small groups and it should be easily accessible to the child. ? The materials should promote gross and fine motor development and help the child to discover and explore including constructing and reconstructing. It should promote sensory exploration and social interaction along with creative expressions through arts, painting, etc. Some essential play materials are Indoor Material o Blocks for constructive play o Manipulative toys 14Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 o Material for imaginative play /Dramatic play dolls, puppets, masks, kitchen sets, mirrors, old spectacle frames, purses, old shoes, weighting scales, clock etc. o Material to develop Language skills books and picture books, storytelling aid, puppets, story cards, sound board, conversation cards, flash cards, picture dominoes, collection of rhymes and stories, visual discrimination and auditory and visual association materials, slates, chalks, crayons, blackboard, drawing paper, etc.o Material to develop cognitive skills sound boxes, visual discrimination cards, touch cards, feel bag, food items of varying strain to develop sensory sk ills, number domino cards, picture jigsaw and self-correcting puzzles for matching, sorting, arranging, classifying, problem solving, memory and sequential thinking to develop cognitive skills and materials in the environment o musical instruments o Art material for creative expression such as paints, crayons, pencil, paint brushes, cotton, threads, clay, knife, papers, scissors, cloth, gum and fevicol, bead, etc.In addition to locally available material, teachers/caregivers can develop play and learning material for specific activities planned in the programme. Outdoor Materials o Play equipment to build balancing, jumping, climbing, swinging, swaying, cycling, etc. o Materials like large or small balls, old tyres, rings, etc. for throwing, catching, kicking, rolling, etc. 15 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 o Sand and irrigate play arrangement with sand pit, mugs, spoons, cups, bucket, sieves, strainer, etc.Assessment Assessment is an essential and integral co mponent of any ECCE programme to ensure that the programme remains child centric and the experiences and activities are planned according to the level of the child. It gives an insight into childrens interests, achievements and possible difficulties in their learning from which next steps in learning and teaching can be planned and thereby provides a platform to support the planning of a coherent curriculum for progression in learning.In order to ensure that the programme is responsive to the developmental needs of the child, it is essential to maintain their developmental and learning profile. The purpose of assessment is to give useful information about childrens learning and development to the adults providing the programme as also to children and their families. It also helps ensure early identification of developmental delays, special educational needs and particular(prenominal) abilities. Assessment contributes to evaluation, revision, and development of programmes. The areas of assessment ? ? ?The childs interest and participation Skills and abilities Social interactions The assessment of the children should be formative, continuous and flow from the experiences planned in the curriculum. formative continuous assessment implies documenting the development of the child, by interpreting the evidence from the day to day experiences of the child with the purpose of recognising and encouraging strengths and addresses learning/developmental gaps. Teachers need to quantify each childs progress on an ongoing basis, through observations of their behaviour their artwork and other products.Home-based observations may also be 16 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 conducted. The current level of performance should be rewarded to reinforce small steps of accomplishments towards the long term goals. Portfolio should be hold for individual child. It should contain anecdotal records, developmental checklists, samples of drawing, writing and other ac tivities, observation notes and parent teacher meeting notes. Role of Caregiver/Teacher The caregivers/ teachers in an ECCE programme are facilitators who engage children in multiple experiences to foster their all-round development.They play the following graphemes ? Observe children to identify their needs and capabilities and move with the pace of the childs development ? Plan appropriate, ? ? ? developmentally holistic and challenging activities Focus not only on planning and conducting activities but also on continuous processes for interaction and relating learning to childs environment. Create nurturing and positive relationships with children and among children Organise supportive learning environment by taking care of aspects such as the arrangement of the physical environment and equipment the scheduling of activities and events and groupings ?? ? Work in partnership with parents Facilitate learning to meet the objectives of the curriculum Help in early identification and intervention for children with special needs 17 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 To accomplish the above the teachers need to enjoy being with young children, be knowledgeable about childrens development and early childhood curriculum and should be skilled at implementing the curriculum.Role of Parent The young child spends most of the time at home and much of the early learning occurs through the childs day to day interactions with the family. The parents have a major role to play in the childs development, much beyond merely being around the child and providing food and other basic needs. Parents need to ? house a conducive environment at home for optimal development and learning and spend quality time with the child ? ? ? ? ?Encourage exploration and experimentation at home and optimally utilise the ample opportunities for incidental and lifelong learning arising from the daily activities Play a cooperative role and establish a relationship of trust and mutua l respect with the teacher/caregiver at the ECCE centre Share and plan the development of their child along with the teacher/caregiver Participate in the open days and other events for parents and community Not to force formal learning and competition at this early age and respect childrens abilities and personalities.Supportive Essentials The open framework approach to curriculum adopted herein requires certain preconditions as essentials. These are ? An enabling and stimulating learning environment which has been carefully designed and is child friendly 18 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 ? ? ? ? ?Contextually and culturally appropriate curriculum content Developmentally appropriate learning and play material Activity rhyme and story bank Childrens Activity Book Trainers manual(a) and Teachers Guidebook addressing adult-child interaction, arrangement of the physical environment and equipment, planning of the daily routine etc.to help teachers implement the curr iculum effectively ? ?Supportive inspection Professional development opportunity for ECCE caregivers 19 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 Annexure 1 Some Significant Themes to be covered in the Curriculum Myself, my family and community Food, health, hygiene and cleanliness Natural world and environment plants animals and birds fruits and vegetables Physical environment air, water, universe, seasons Social environment My country festivals and celebrations neighbourhood means of transport 20.Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 Annexure 2 Sample Weekly Plan Theme beasts Time 9. 00-9. 30 9. 30-10. 00 Monday Circle Time palliate colloquy (Animal Names) Tuesday Assembly Guided talk (Homes of Animals) Sorting Cards (Animals and their young ones) Block Play Lunch Tearing and pasting on animal drawings Wednesday Circle Time alleviate Conversation (Food of Animals) Soft and Hard Surface Thursday Assembly Guided Conversation (Animals and their young one s) Shape Circle Friday Circle Time Guided Conversation (Uses of Animals) Pattern Writing.10. 00-10. 30 Seriation Activity (Small to large animal) 10. 30-11. 00 11. 00-11. 30 11. 30-12. 00 Animal Race Lunch Free hand drawing of pet animals Swings and slides Lunch Models of animal homes locomote on Zigzag line Lunch Making Clay Animals Sand Pit Lunch Mask Making 12. 00-12. 30 Animal Rhyme (Pet Animals) Music and Movement Activity (How animals move) Rhyme Dramatization (Farm Animals) Animal Story (Wild Animals) Song and Dance (Birds) 12. 30-1. 00 twisting up & Departure Winding up & Departure Winding up & Departure Winding up & Departure Winding up & Departure.Note The time allotted for each activity is 15-20 minutes the time slots of 30 minutes allotted in the plan include setting up, distribution of material and winding up for each activity. 21 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 Annexure 3 Sample Thematic Web Numeracy Sorting pictures of animals and their young one s Creative Art Models of Animal Homes Language Rhymes and stories on Animals Cognitive Animal names Types Pet/ Wild/ Aquatic Animal food, sound , home Animals Physical & Motor Animal Race Tearing and Pasting on Animal Drawings.Socio-Emotional Free Conversation Music & Movement Song and Dramatization 22 Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework 2012 Important Resources 1. Bhatnagar, R (2005) Little Steps. A Manual for Preschool Teachers. National Council for Educational Research and Training. New Delhi 2. Kaul, V. (2010) Early Childhood Education Programme. National Council for Educational Research and Training. New Delhi 3. Mother and Child surety Card, Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India. 4. Muralidharan, R. , Asthana, S. (1991) Stimulation Activities for Young Children.National Council for Educational Research and Training. New Delhi 5. Position Paper on Early Childhood Care and Education, National Focus Group (2006). National Council for Educati onal Research and Training. New Delhi 6. Soni, R, Kapoor R, Vashishtha, K. K. (2008) Early Childhood Education. An Introduction. National Council for Educational Research and Training. New Delhi 7. Swaminathan, M. and Daniel, P. (2004) Play Activities for Child Development A Guide to Preschool Teachers. National Book Trust, New Delhi. 8. WHO Child Growth Standards- Methods and Development, World Health Organisation 23.